{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:22:10Z","timestamp":1791588130823,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"abstract":"Purpose. Cryptosporidiosis, caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Cryptosporidium, is a zoonotic disease that affects young animals and humans. The study was conducted from October 2020 to May 2021, with the objectives of estimating the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in calves and assessing the associated risk factors in Nekemte town, Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was adopted during the study period. Initially, 35 dairy farms were selected using a systematic study approach from which a total of 384 calves under the age of 12 months (75 calves from intensive, 51 from semi-intensive, and 258 from extensive dairy farms) were selected purposively for fecal sample collection. Fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum of each calf and tested for Cryptosporidium oocysts using Sheather\u2019s flotation and a modified Ziehl\u2013Neelsen staining procedure. The data were analyzed using STATA statistical software version 13. Results. Cryptosporidium infection was found in 53 of the 384 calves investigated, with an overall prevalence of 13.8% (95% CI\u2009=\u20098.1\u201317.6). Logistic regression analysis on the risk factors showed that types of farm, age, body condition scores, fecal consistency, types of feed, source of water, and farm hygiene were found to have a statistically significant influence on the shedding of Cryptosporidium oocysts by the calves (\n \n p<\/a:mi>\n <<\/a:mo>\n 0.05<\/a:mn>\n <\/a:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>). Calves under the age of six months had a higher likelihood (OR\u2009=\u20092.7, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.0\u20134.2, \n \n p<\/c:mi>\n <<\/c:mo>\n 0.001<\/c:mn>\n <\/c:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>) of shedding the oocysts than the calves of 6 to 12 months of age. It was also confirmed that calves with poor body condition scores had a higher likelihood (OR\u2009=\u20092.6, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.2\u20133.7, \n \n p<\/e:mi>\n =<\/e:mo>\n 0.024<\/e:mn>\n <\/e:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>) of shedding the Cryptosporidium oocysts than other ones. The likelihood of shedding a Cryptosporidium oocyst by the diarrheic calves was higher than by the nondiarrheic ones (OR\u2009=\u20093.1, \n \n p<\/g:mi>\n <<\/g:mo>\n 0.001<\/g:mn>\n <\/g:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>). The infection was 2.6 times highest (16.8%, 31\/185, 95% CI\u2009=\u200914.5\u201319.1, OR\u2009=\u20092.6, \n \n p<\/i:mi>\n =<\/i:mo>\n 0.028<\/i:mn>\n <\/i:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>) in calves feeding on grass alone, followed by milk and grass (15%) and milk (4.2%). Similarly, it was 2.2 times higher (18.5%, OR\u2009=\u20092.2, and \n \n p<\/k:mi>\n =<\/k:mo>\n 0.002<\/k:mn>\n <\/k:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>) in calves drinking river water than in calves drinking tap water. Moreover, calves kept under poor hygiene were more likely to shed Cryptosporidium oocysts (OR\u2009=\u20092.8, \n \n p<\/m:mi>\n =<\/m:mo>\n 0.001<\/m:mn>\n <\/m:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>) than calves kept under good hygiene. Conclusion. In conclusion, cryptosporidiosis is one of the health problems of calves in and around Nekemte town, East Wollega zone. Our findings confirmed that risk factors such as types of farm, age, body condition scores, fecal consistency, types of feed, water source, and farm hygienic status were found to have a significant effect on the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection in the calves. While the molecular-based study is required to be carried out aiming at species identification and the epidemiology of the parasite, particular attention should be paid to the control of the disease in the study area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1468242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T10:20:07Z","timestamp":1645179607000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Prevalence and Factors Associated with Cryptosporidium Infection in Calves in and around Nekemte Town, East Wollega Zone of Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"given":"Adinew","family":"Ebiyo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sibu Sire District Livestock Development Office, Nekemte, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1999-1444","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Geremew","family":"Haile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","volume-title":"Standard Treatment Guidelines for Veterinary Practice","author":"DACA (Drug Administration and Control Authority)","year":"2006","edition":"1st"},{"key":"2","first-page":"585","article-title":"Agricultural sample survey. Report on livestock and livestock characteristics (private peasant holdings)","volume":"2","author":"CSA (Central Statistical Agency)","year":"2020","journal-title":"Statistical Bulletin Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"},{"key":"3","first-page":"6","article-title":"Agricultural sample survey. Report on livestock and livestock characteristics","volume":"2","author":"CSA (Central Statistical Agency)","year":"2019","journal-title":"Statistical bulletin Addis Ababa Ethiopia"},{"issue":"3","key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5455\/ijlr.20140421093417","article-title":"Major causes of calf mortality in intensive dairy farms","volume":"4","author":"R. Gebremedhin","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Livestock Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2014.15.1.1","article-title":"An overview of calf diarrhea - infectious etiology, diagnosis, and intervention","volume":"15","author":"C. Yongil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"6","first-page":"162","article-title":"A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and its associated risk factors in calves in Gondar town and its suburbs, NW Ethiopia","volume":"9","author":"M. Birhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Animal and Feed Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"7","first-page":"44","article-title":"Study on eimeria and cryptosporidium infection in dairy cattle farms of holeta, west shoa zone, Oromia, Ethiopia","volume":"16","author":"G. Mullusew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of American Science"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2008.10.013"},{"key":"9","first-page":"63","article-title":"Prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in ruminants of Lorestan province, Iran","volume":"12","author":"H. Shafieyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitic Diseases"},{"issue":"5","key":"10","first-page":"461","article-title":"Studies on the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in bovines in organized dairy farms in and around Bangalore South India","volume":"79","author":"A. K. Gowda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Archives of Veterinary Science"},{"key":"11","unstructured":"ThomsonS.Cryptosporidiosis in farm livestock2016Glasgow, ScotlandUniversity of Glasgow206PhD thesis"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-419"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2018.03.005"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420052275.ch1"},{"key":"15","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Veterinary Medicine Textbook of the Disease of Cattle, Horse, Sheep, Pig and Goats","author":"O. M. Radostits","year":"2007","edition":"10th"},{"key":"16","volume-title":"Analysis of Variable Effects on Presence of Cryptosporidium Oocysts and Giardia Cysts in Effluent Water from Wastewater Treatment Utilities in Florida","author":"K. J. Barkan","year":"2012"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6825a3"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9790\/3013-25701526"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.12.003"},{"issue":"2","key":"20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Review of cryptosporidiosis in calves, children and HIV\/aids patients","volume":"1","author":"Z. Sadik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthcare Review"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.07.015"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2008.00377.x","article-title":"Zoonotic cryptosporidiosis","volume":"52","author":"Xiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology"},{"key":"23","first-page":"12","article-title":"Cryptosporidium and its public importance","volume":"4","author":"M. Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Heal"},{"key":"24","first-page":"221","article-title":"Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in Lahore (Pakistan) and its association with diarrhea in dairy calves","volume":"11","author":"A. Nasir","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"25","first-page":"81","article-title":"Cryptosporidium in calves, lambs and kids in Haramaya, Eastern Ethiopia","volume":"17","author":"A. Regassa","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"26","first-page":"233","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in calves, lambs and goat kids in Bishoftu, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"A. Dinka","year":"2015","journal-title":"African Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences"},{"key":"27","first-page":"107","article-title":"An epidemiological study of Cryptosporidium infection in dairy calves on selected dairy farms of central Ethiopia","volume":"159","author":"R. Abebe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Revista de Medicina Veterinaria"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154647"},{"issue":"1","key":"29","first-page":"105","article-title":"Cryptosporidium infection in bovine calves\u2019 prevalence and potential risk factors in North West Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"A. Ayele","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Research"},{"key":"30","article-title":"Surplus producing eastern highland parts of Eastern Wollega zone badly hit by current crisis","author":"L. Dechassa","year":"2003"},{"key":"31","volume-title":"NTLFO (Nekemte Town Livestock and Fishery Office Socio Economy","year":"2013"},{"key":"32","volume-title":"A Guide to Body Condition Score in Zebu Cattle International Livestock Center for Africa","author":"M. Nicholson","year":"1996"},{"key":"33","first-page":"6","volume-title":"The Tropical Agriculture, London and Beging Stock","author":"R. Gatenby","year":"1991"},{"key":"34","first-page":"233","volume-title":"Veterinary Epidemiology","author":"M. Thrusfield","year":"2007","edition":"3nd"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2002.00854.x"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511581304","volume-title":"District Laboratory Practice","author":"M. Cheesbrough","year":"2005","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.03.024"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-012-0311-1"},{"key":"39","first-page":"185","volume-title":"Prevalence and Management Factors Contributing to Cryptosporidium and Giardia Infection in Pre-weaned and Post-weaned Calves in Johor, Malaysia","author":"M. Aida","year":"2009"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.09.010"},{"issue":"2","key":"41","article-title":"Prevalence of Cryptosporidium species oocysts in dairy calves in Kerman, southeastern Iran, Iranian","volume":"7","author":"M. Radfar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"42","article-title":"The occurrence of Cryptosporidium parvum in dairy calves and the influence of management practices","volume":"2","author":"M. Melissa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Dairy, Veterinary & Animal Research"},{"key":"43","first-page":"117","article-title":"Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts by auramine and ziehlneelsen staining methods","volume":"61","author":"M. Rosil\u00e9ia. De Quadros","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitolog\u00eda latinoamericana"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.03.014"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/vmi\/2022\/1468242.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/vmi\/2022\/1468242.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/vmi\/2022\/1468242.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T10:20:51Z","timestamp":1645179651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/vmi\/2022\/1468242\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Mancianti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["1468242","1468242"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/1468242","relation":{},"ISSN":["2042-0048","2090-8113"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2042-0048","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2090-8113","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]}}}