{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:29:59Z","timestamp":1780637399253,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":165,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2013Brasil","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Alexander-von-Humboldt-Foundation","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Skeletal malocclusions are common phenotypes in humans and have a strong influence on genetic factors. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>) controls numerous functions of the human body, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Thus, this study is aimed at evaluating whether genetic polymorphisms in <jats:italic>TGFB1<\/jats:italic> and its receptor <jats:italic>TGFBR2<\/jats:italic> are associated with mandibular retrognathism in German children and adolescents. Children and teenagers older than 8 years in the mixed or permanent dentition were included in this study. Patients with syndromes and facial trauma and patients with congenital alterations were excluded. Digital cephalometric tracings were performed using the anatomical landmarks point A, point B, sella (S), and nasion (N). Patients that have a retrognathic mandible (SNB &lt; 78\u00b0) were selected as case group, and the patients with an orthognathic mandible (SNB = 78\u00b0\u2013\u200982\u00b0) were selected as the control group. Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from saliva was used to evaluate four genetic polymorphisms in <jats:italic>TGFB1<\/jats:italic> (rs1800469 and rs4803455) and <jats:italic>TGBR2<\/jats:italic> (rs3087465 and rs764522) using real\u2010time PCR. Chi\u2010square or Fisher exact tests were used to compare gender, genotype, and allele distribution among groups. Genotype distribution was calculated in an additive and recessive model. Haplotype analysis was also performed. The established alpha of this study was 5%. A total of 146 patients (age ranging from 8 to 18 years) were included in this epidemiological genetic study. The genetic polymorphism rs3087465 in <jats:italic>TGFBR2<\/jats:italic> was associated with mandibular retrognathism. Carrying the AA genotype in the rs3087465 polymorphism decreased the chance of having mandibular retrognathism (odds\u2009ratio = 0.25, confidence\u2009interval\u200995<jats:italic>%<\/jats:italic> = 0.06 to 0.94, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.045). None of the haplotypes was associated with mandibular retrognathism (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, we found that the genetic polymorphism rs3087465 in the promoter region of the <jats:italic>TGFBR2<\/jats:italic> was associated with mandibular retrognathism in Germans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1503052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T20:50:14Z","timestamp":1655326214000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Transforming Growth Factor Beta Receptor 2 (TGFBR2) Promoter Region Polymorphisms May Be Involved in Mandibular 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