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However, in real cases the disputed images are natural images, rather than flat images. In that case, several of the already proposed methods are not effective. Hence, in this paper, a method is proposed for the digital camera identification from natural images based on the statistical comparison between the residual noise in the natural disputed images and the fingerprint defined for the eligible digital cameras. In the reported case studies, the HDR database provided by the Communications and Signal Processing Laboratory of University of Florence is used to select a set of eligible digital cameras, and from this image database, for each digital camera, a set of disputed flat images, a set of disputed natural images, and a set of flat reference images were selected. Thus, the fingerprint of each digital camera was calculated from the probability density function (PDF) of the photo-response nonuniformity (PRNU) extracted from its reference images. Therefore, in order to identify the source digital camera of a natural disputed image, the Jensen\u2013Shannon divergence (JSD) was implemented to statistically compare the PRNU-based fingerprint of each eligible source camera against the noise residual of that disputed image. The proposed method has a similar effectiveness to methods based on the peak-to-correlation energy or the Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence when the disputed images are flat images and the PRNU is considered, but it is significantly more effective than those methods when the disputed images are natural images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1574024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T02:35:25Z","timestamp":1665455725000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Identifying the Digital Camera from Natural Images Using Residual Noise and the Jensen\u2013Shannon Divergence"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"given":"Francisco","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y El\u00e9ctrica Unidad Culhuacan, Mexico 04440, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana L.","family":"Quintanar-Res\u00e9ndiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnolog\u00eda Avanzada Unidad Quer\u00e9taro, Santiago de Queretaro 76090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Delgado-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y El\u00e9ctrica Unidad Culhuacan, Mexico 04440, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Palacios-Luengas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y El\u00e9ctrica Unidad Culhuacan, Mexico 04440, Mexico"},{"name":"Autonomous Metropolitan University Campus Iztapalapa, Department of Electrical Engineering, Mexico 09340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Mec\u00e1nica y El\u00e9ctrica Unidad Culhuacan, Mexico 04440, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6210-4097","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"V\u00e1zquez-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnolog\u00eda Avanzada Unidad Quer\u00e9taro, Santiago de Queretaro 76090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812836243_0015"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2007.4284575"},{"key":"3","first-page":"383","article-title":"Passive-blind image forensics","volume":"15","author":"T.-T. 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