{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:04:15Z","timestamp":1774613055874,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Onchocerciasis is a parasitic infection affecting a relatively small population globally but has very devastating pathological outcomes. Ivermectin and recently moxidectin are the only drugs approved for clinical management of the disease, both of which have several limitations. In particular, they are efficacious against microfilariae (microfilaricidal) with no activity against adult worms (nonmacrofilaricidal). Promising anthelmintic activity has been reported in some lichens. This study investigated three lichens, Usnea articulata, Parmotrema tinctorum, and Heterodermia obscurata, found on Mount Cameroon, for potential macrofilaricidal activity. Organic extracts were screened for anti-Onchocerca activity against Onchocerca ochengi isolated from cattle skin using worm motility and MTT formazan assays. Toxicity of highly active extracts was investigated on monkey kidney epithelial (LLCMK2) cells and in BALB\/c mice (2000\u2009mg\/kg body weight) including effects on liver enzymes. The methanol extract of P. tinctorum (Pammet) was the most active against adult male worms (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mtext>I<\/a:mtext>\n                        <a:msub>\n                           <a:mrow>\n                              <a:mtext>C<\/a:mtext>\n                           <\/a:mrow>\n                           <a:mrow>\n                              <a:mn>50<\/a:mn>\n                           <\/a:mrow>\n                        <\/a:msub>\n                        <a:mo>=<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>8.1<\/a:mn>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009\u03bcg\/mL) with the highest selectivity index (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mtext>SI<\/c:mtext>\n                        <c:mo>=<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>21.3<\/c:mn>\n                     <\/c:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). U. articulata was the most active against the adult female (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mtext>I<\/e:mtext>\n                        <e:msub>\n                           <e:mrow>\n                              <e:mtext>C<\/e:mtext>\n                           <\/e:mrow>\n                           <e:mrow>\n                              <e:mn>50<\/e:mn>\n                           <\/e:mrow>\n                        <\/e:msub>\n                        <e:mo>=<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>36.3<\/e:mn>\n                     <\/e:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009\u03bcg\/mL) but had a low SI value (3.4). No mortality and no adverse effects were recorded in the acute toxicity test. These two most active extracts had no significant effect on liver enzymes, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                        <g:mi>P<\/g:mi>\n                     <\/g:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> values &lt; 0.05), but a high AST\u2009:\u2009ALT ratio (2.59) for Pammet indicates likely reversible adverse hepatic toxicity. The high macrofilaricidal activity and selectivity of P. tinctorum suggest it is a potential source of new macrofilaricides which should be further investigated to identify its bioactive constituents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1663330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T18:50:06Z","timestamp":1641581406000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Macrofilaricidal Activity, Acute and Biochemical Effects of Three Lichen Species Found on Mount Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"given":"Thierry Roland","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, South West Region, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerome Nyhalah","family":"Dinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, South West Region, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayuk Elizabeth","family":"Orock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, South West Region, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elvis","family":"Monya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, South West Region, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2322-5133","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Moses Njutain","family":"Ngemenya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, South West Region, Cameroon"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, South West Region, Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-0630-9"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.04.005"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0160-7"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.87.13"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix616"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2020.1792772"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6003-7"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2016.509.087"},{"issue":"4","key":"9","first-page":"238","article-title":"Anthelmintic and antioxidant effcacy of two macrolichens of Ramalinaceae","volume":"1","author":"S. V. P. Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacognosy Journal"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2018.09.001"},{"issue":"12","key":"11","first-page":"768","article-title":"Phytochemical screening of the bioactive compounds in twenty (20) Cameroonian medicinal plants","volume":"3","author":"L. M. Ndam","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1319-2"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-223"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-10-62"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-019-2563-z"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1529-7"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-13-48"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2016.60806"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3155"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2019.05.001"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02501.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jpr\/2022\/1663330.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jpr\/2022\/1663330.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jpr\/2022\/1663330.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T18:50:11Z","timestamp":1641581411000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jpr\/2022\/1663330\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Lizandra Guidi","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["1663330","1663330"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/1663330","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-0031","2090-0023"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-0031","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2090-0023","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]}}}