{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:44:21Z","timestamp":1790660661397,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]],"date-time":"2022-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659139200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chongming District Medical Key Specialty Project","award":["2019SY021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019SY021"]}]},{"name":"Chongming District Medical Key Specialty Project","award":["CKY2021-50"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CKY2021-50"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017950","name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019SY021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019SY021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017950","name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CKY2021-50"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CKY2021-50"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Action Plan for Sustainable Development of Science and Technology Innovation in Chongming District, Shanghai","award":["2019SY021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019SY021"]}]},{"name":"Action Plan for Sustainable Development of Science and Technology Innovation in Chongming District, Shanghai","award":["CKY2021-50"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CKY2021-50"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Plasticity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Neuropathic pain and neuropsychiatric symptoms are common complications reported by the traumatic brain injury (TBI) population. Although a growing body of research has indicated the effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for the management of neurological and psychiatric disorders, little evidence has been presented to support the effects of rTMS on neuropathic pain and neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with TBI in all age groups. In addition, a better understanding of the potential factors that might influence the therapeutic effect of rTMS is necessary. The objective of this preregistered systematic review and meta-analysis was to quantify the effects of rTMS on physical and psychological symptoms in individuals with TBI. We systematically searched six databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of rTMS in TBI patients reporting pain and neuropsychiatric outcomes published until March 20, 2022. The mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was estimated separately for outcomes to understand the mean effect size. Twelve RCTs with 276 TBI patients were ultimately selected from 1605 records for systematic review, and 11 of the studies were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, five of the included studies showed a low risk of bias. The effects of rTMS on neuropathic pain were statistically significant (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mtext>MD<\/a:mtext>\n                        <a:mo>=<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mo>\u2212<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>1.00<\/a:mn>\n                      <\/a:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    , 95% CI -1.76 to -0.25,\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mi>P<\/c:mi>\n                        <c:mo>=<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>0.009<\/c:mn>\n                      <\/c:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ), with high heterogeneity (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:msup>\n                          <e:mrow>\n                            <e:mi>I<\/e:mi>\n                          <\/e:mrow>\n                          <e:mrow>\n                            <e:mn>2<\/e:mn>\n                          <\/e:mrow>\n                        <\/e:msup>\n                        <e:mo>=<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>76<\/e:mn>\n                        <e:mi>%<\/e:mi>\n                      <\/e:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ). A significant advantage of 1\u2009Hz rTMS over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in improving depression (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                        <g:mtext>MD<\/g:mtext>\n                        <g:mo>=<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mo>\u2212<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mn>6.52<\/g:mn>\n                      <\/g:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    , 95% CI -11.58 to -1.46,\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <i:math xmlns:i=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\">\n                        <i:mi>P<\/i:mi>\n                        <i:mo>=<\/i:mo>\n                        <i:mn>0.01<\/i:mn>\n                      <\/i:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ) was shown, and a significant improvement was noted in the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire-13 (RPQ-13) scores of mild TBI patients after rTMS (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <k:math xmlns:k=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\">\n                        <k:mtext>MD<\/k:mtext>\n                        <k:mo>=<\/k:mo>\n                        <k:mo>\u2212<\/k:mo>\n                        <k:mn>5.87<\/k:mn>\n                      <\/k:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    , 95% CI -10.63 to -1.11,\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\">\n                        <m:mi>P<\/m:mi>\n                        <m:mo>=<\/m:mo>\n                        <m:mn>0.02<\/m:mn>\n                      <\/m:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ). However, no significance was found in cognition measurement. No major adverse events related to rTMS were reported. Moderate evidence suggests that rTMS can effectively and safely improve neuropathic pain, while its effectiveness on depression, postconcussion symptoms, and cognition is limited. More trials with a larger number of participants are needed to draw firm conclusions. This trial is registered with PROSPERO (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021242364.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2036736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]],"date-time":"2022-07-30T22:20:14Z","timestamp":1659219614000},"page":"1-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Neuropathic Pain and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4787-1300","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tijiang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5426-1036","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jie","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Medical Center, Jiaxing Second Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2916-7969","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhengquan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8508-4300","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zefan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5899-7315","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6856-1301","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yufei","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1568-6039","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2228-633X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qing","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China"},{"name":"Chongming Branch of Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 202150, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.JNS17352","article-title":"Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury","volume":"130","author":"M. 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