{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T16:11:33Z","timestamp":1769184693178,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":52,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19BYY107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19BYY107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Complexity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Expletive pronouns have posed significant challenges to both linguistic studies and natural language processing in Chinese. Based on the data from the Chinese corpus at the Center for Chinese Linguistics of Peking University (CCL), this paper investigates the automatic dependency parsing errors of expletive\n                    <jats:italic>ta<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\u201cit\/he\u201d) and relative constructions and provides a detailed quantitative analysis of the characteristics of the constructions in question\n                    <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The findings not only provide evidence to show that even in radical pro\u2010drop languages such as Mandarin, pleonastics can occur in both object and subject positions but also offer important insights for Chinese natural language processing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2156978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T20:51:14Z","timestamp":1645563074000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Expletive\n                    <i>ta<\/i>\n                    in Mandarin Chinese: A Quantitative Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0584-8540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6052-0556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiurong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","volume-title":"A Grammar of Spoken Chinese","author":"Chao Y. R.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","volume-title":"Lectures on Grammar","author":"Zhu D. X.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","first-page":"166","article-title":"Constructions with double objects in Modern Chinese","volume":"10","author":"Ma Q. Z.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Essays on Linguistics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","first-page":"287","volume-title":"Proceedings of North Eastern Linguistic Society 24","author":"Lin J. W.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","first-page":"499","article-title":"Pleonastics and the interpretation of pronouns","volume":"26","author":"Rothstein S.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Linguistic Inquiry"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-0690-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-08-044854-2\/01979-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","first-page":"799","article-title":"The syntax of the non\u2013referential TA \u2018it\u2019 in Mandarin Chinese","volume":"7","author":"Lin J.-W.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chinese Language and Linguistics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lingua.2009.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","article-title":"Data-driven explorations in applied linguistics","volume":"44","author":"Liu H. T.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Modern Foreign Languages"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","article-title":"Research on completion of verb-object relation in dependency parsing based on linguistic knowledge","volume":"25","author":"Zhang D.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Application Research of Computers"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","first-page":"302","article-title":"The semantic relationship of co-reference and the syntactic construction of double objects","volume":"4","author":"Xu J.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Studies of the Chinese Language"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","first-page":"44","article-title":"The syntactic and semantic functions of the non-referential pronoun ta","volume":"12","author":"Yuan Y. L.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Grammar Research and Exploration"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","volume-title":"A Historical Grammar of Modern Chinese","author":"\u014cta T.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","first-page":"29","article-title":"The study on the formation, nature and function of tage","volume":"4","author":"Lei D. P.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Linguistic Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","volume-title":"The Bleaching of \u201cGuan\u201d and its Relevant Grammar Research","author":"Wang P. Y.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"New interpretation of \u201cchi ta sange pingguo\u201d: inheritance and integration approach","volume":"6","author":"Wang Y.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Foreign Languages in China"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","volume-title":"800 Words in Chinese","author":"L\u00fc S. X.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16337\/j.1004-9037.2017.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13209\/j.0479-8023.2014.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_2","first-page":"165","article-title":"Research on the resolution of personal pronoun in classical books under the digital humanism","volume":"44","author":"Chen S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Information Studies: Theory & Application"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3724\/sp.j.1001.2012.04044"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"P.G. R. E. P","volume":"20","author":"Joyce J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scientific Computing and Instrumentation"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_2","volume-title":"\u00c9l\u00e9ments de Syntaxe Structurale","author":"Tesni\u00e8re L.","year":"1959"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_2","first-page":"188","volume-title":"Dependency and Valency. An International Handbook Of Contemporary Research","author":"Mel\u2019\u010duk I.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199299829.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_2","volume-title":"Language Networks: The New Word Grammar","author":"Hudson R.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_2","volume-title":"Dependency Grammar from Theory to Practice","author":"Liu H. T.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_2","first-page":"9","article-title":"An investigation into the reliability of automatic dependency parsing tools in Chinese-English cross language studies","volume":"6","author":"Liu D. J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Foreign Language Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lingua.2009.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChenD.andManningC. D. A fast and accurate dependency parser using neural networks Proceedings of the 2014 Conference On Empirical Methods In Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) January 2014 Stroudsburg Pennsylvania ACL https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3115\/v1\/d14-1082.","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1082"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_2","first-page":"157","article-title":"Volitional verb and non-volitional verb","volume":"3","author":"Ma Q. Z.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Chinese Linguistics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_2","first-page":"262","article-title":"Complements on classification of non-volitional verb","volume":"4","author":"Yuan M. J.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Studies of the Chinese Language"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_2","unstructured":"LinJ.-W. Object expletives in Chinese Proceedings of the North American Conference On Chinese Linguistics 1993 University of Delaware Newark Delaware."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_2","volume-title":"Pronouns in Modern Chinese","author":"L\u00fc S. X.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_2","unstructured":"KojimaM. The Non-referential Uses of Personal Pronouns 2006 Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan IACL-14 & IsCLL-10."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/ijchl.3.2.01wu"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_2","first-page":"15","article-title":"Empty ta in Mandarin Chinese","volume":"26","author":"Iljic R.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Computational Analyses of Asian and African Languages"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_2","first-page":"635","article-title":"Expletive noun phrases in subcategorized positions","volume":"19","author":"Postal P. M.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Linguistic Inquiry"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_2","first-page":"721","article-title":"V-governed expletives, case theory and the projection principle","volume":"22","author":"Authier J. M.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Linguistic Inquiry"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/ling.2008.39.1.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_2","first-page":"107","article-title":"Studies on the functional word knowledge base of Modern Chinese","volume":"21","author":"Zan H. Y.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Chinese Information Processing"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Survey of the Chinese function word usage knowledge base","volume":"29","author":"Zhang K. L.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Chinese Information Processing"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_2","volume-title":"Study on the Grammar of DunHuang Bianwen","author":"Wu F. X.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/prag.6.3.03aue"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00130234"}],"container-title":["Complexity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2022\/2156978","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/2022\/2156978","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2022\/2156978","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T21:04:37Z","timestamp":1769115877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2022\/2156978"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ning","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2022\/2156978"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/2156978","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-2787","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0526","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-10-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-12-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-02-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2156978"}}