{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T02:45:52Z","timestamp":1747190752545,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Scientific World Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we aim to investigate the effective dose of botulinum neurotoxin A that results in paralysis of the sternocleidomastoid muscle for a minimum duration of 28 days in Wistar rats. This research is the first in a series of studies to investigate the value of botulinum toxin A in the healing of clavicle fractures through the temporary paralysis of the sternocleidomastoid. A surgical incision was made under general anaesthesia, and botulinum neurotoxin A in respective doses of 4 and 6 international units (IU) or normal saline in equivalent volumes were injected directly into the exposed muscle. Electromyography was conducted on days 0, 7, and 28 following substance administration to determine the extent of muscle paralysis. Electromyography on day 0 showed no paralysis in either group. Animals injected with neurotoxin all exhibited paralysis on days 7 and 28 that was weaker in the group injected with the smaller dose of 4\u2009IU. One death occurred in the group injected with the higher dose (6\u2009IU), whereas in the control group, no paralysis was seen. Botulinum neurotoxin A in a dose of 6\u2009IU resulted in complete paralysis of the sternocleidomastoid in rats for a minimum of 28 days. A dose of 4\u2009IU resulted in less potent paralysis but was safer in our research. Botulinum neurotoxin is a substance utilised in cosmetics and therapeutics for many years, yet research shows that its use can be expanded to target a wider range of pathologies. In this series of studies, we aim to explore the neurotoxin\u2019s applications on the treatment of clavicle fractures. To investigate this, we need to first establish the duration of its action on the sternocleidomastoid muscle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2188783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T19:20:09Z","timestamp":1644348009000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Action of Botulinum Toxin A on the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle: An Experimental Study on Rats"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0443-9953","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Themistoklis","family":"Vampertzis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5260-6771","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christina","family":"Barmpagianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surrey and Borders Partnership NHS Trust, Leatherhead, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chrysa","family":"Mpekiari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Anatomy and Histology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rania","family":"Baka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Zervos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleftherios","family":"Tsiridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Orthopaedic Department, Papageorgiou General Hospital and CORE Laboratory at CIRI-AUTh, AUTh Medical School, Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikiforos","family":"Galanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"volume-title":"Anatomy, Head and Neck, Sternocleidomastoid Muscle","year":"2020","author":"B. 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