{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T12:05:05Z","timestamp":1775649905360,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648339200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015758","name":"Adama Science and Technology University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ASTU\/SP-R\/120\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ASTU\/SP-R\/120\/21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015758","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Mathematics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) and coronavirus (COVID-19) are both infectious diseases that globally continue affecting millions of people every year. They have similar symptoms such as cough, fever, and difficulty breathing but differ in incubation periods. This paper introduces a mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of TB and COVID-19 coinfection using a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The well-posedness of the proposed coinfection model is then analytically studied by showing properties such as the existence, boundedness, and positivity of the solutions. The stability analysis of the equilibrium points of submodels is also discussed separately after computing the basic reproduction numbers. In each case, the disease-free equilibrium points of the submodels are proved to be both locally and globally stable if the reproduction numbers are less than unity. Besides, the coinfection disease-free equilibrium point is proved to be conditionally stable. The sensitivity and bifurcation analysis are also studied. Different simulation cases were performed to supplement the analytical results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2449710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T23:50:14Z","timestamp":1648425014000},"page":"1-20","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of TB and COVID-19 Coinfection"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7388-6960","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kassahun Getnet","family":"Mekonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiferaw Feyissa","family":"Balcha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5166-6385","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Legesse Lemecha","family":"Obsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulkadir","family":"Hassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Rowan University, Glassboro, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"issue":"5, article 1059512020","key":"1","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): current status and future perspectives","volume":"55","author":"H. Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents"},{"key":"2","volume-title":"Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: implications for IPC precaution recommendations: scientific brief, 29 march 2020","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"3","article-title":"Implications for the EU\/EEA on the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta","author":"T. A. Brief","year":"2021","journal-title":"Variant of Concern"},{"issue":"5","key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pr6050048","article-title":"Optimal control strategy for TB-HIV\/AIDS Co-infection model in the presence of behaviour modification","volume":"6","author":"T. D. Awoke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"5","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.21.0148","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on TB: a review of the data","volume":"25","author":"C. F. McQuaid","year":"2021","journal-title":"The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"key":"7","volume-title":"WHO information note: COVID-19: considerations for tuberculosis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"8","volume-title":"World Health Organizatio","author":"World Health Organization J WHO:","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2016822","article-title":"Wrong but useful\u2014what COVID-19 epidemiologic models can and cannot tell us","volume":"383","author":"I. Holmdahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9040967"},{"issue":"6","key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.11648\/j.pamj.20200906.12","article-title":"The impact of infective immigrants and self isolation on the dynamics and spread of COVID-19 pandemic: A mathematical modeling study","volume":"9","author":"M. Ayana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pure and Applied Mathematics Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2020.10.004","article-title":"Modeling and optimal control analysis of transmission dynamics of COVID-19","volume":"60","author":"C. T. Deressa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alexandria Engineering Journal"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinam.2020.100123"},{"key":"14","article-title":"Modeling the effect of contaminated objects for the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 pandemic with self protection behavior changes","volume":"9, article 100134","author":"K. G. Mekonen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Results in Applied Mathematics"},{"issue":"6","key":"15","first-page":"2853","article-title":"Mathematical model for estimating unconfirmed cases of COVID-19 in Ethiopia, and targeting sensitive parameters","volume":"10","author":"T. T. Ega","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Mathematical and Computational"},{"issue":"1","key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1080\/17513758.2020.1788182","article-title":"Optimal control strategies for the transmission risk of COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"L. Lemecha Obsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Dynamics"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13662-020-02950-0"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2017.12.027"},{"issue":"7, article 1950073","key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793524519500736","article-title":"Analysis of a mathematical model for tuberculosis with diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"A. Egonmwan","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Biomathematics"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2014.05.023"},{"issue":"3","key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2017039","article-title":"Mixed vaccination strategy for the control of tuberculosis","volume":"14","author":"S. Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5614\/cbms.2020.3.1.3","article-title":"An analysis of COVID-19 transmission in Indonesia and Saudi Arabia,","volume":"3","author":"M. Z. Ndii","year":"2020","journal-title":"Communication in Biomathematical Sciences"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S1793962321500483"},{"issue":"5","key":"24","first-page":"231","article-title":"Optimal control of tuberculosis with exogenous reinfection","volume":"3","author":"K. Hattaf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Applied Mathematical Sciences"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/248407"},{"issue":"14","key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4723","DOI":"10.2298\/FIL2014723A","article-title":"The co-dynamics of hepatitis E and HIV","volume":"34","author":"E. Alzahrani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Filomat"},{"issue":"4","key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/oca.2507","article-title":"Cholera-schistosomiasis coinfection dynamics","volume":"40","author":"K. O. Okosun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optimal Control Applications and Methods"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2021.06.016"},{"key":"29","article-title":"Modeling, analysis and prediction of new variants of COVID-19 and dengue co-infection on complex network","volume":"150, article 111008","author":"A. ul Rehman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chaos, Solitons & Fractals"},{"issue":"2","key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2020.05.006","article-title":"COVID-19 and tuberculosis: a mathematical model based forecasting in Delhi, India","volume":"67","author":"Y. Marimuthu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Tuberculosis"},{"key":"31","article-title":"Solitons, and fractals, co-infection of Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus and pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"140, article 110205","author":"B. Fatima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chaos, Solitons & Fractals"},{"issue":"9","key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4639","DOI":"10.3934\/dcds.2015.35.4639","article-title":"A TB-HIV\/AIDS coinfection model and optimal control treatment","volume":"35","author":"C. J. Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Discrete & Continuous Dynamical System"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139057707","volume-title":"Ordinary differential equations: a practical guide","author":"B. J. Schroers","year":"2011"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv301f9v","volume-title":"Mathematics in population biology","author":"H. R. Thieme","year":"2018"},{"key":"35","article-title":"Reproduction numbers and sub-threshold endemic equilibria for compartmental models of disease transmission","volume":"180","author":"M. Martcheva","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mathematical biosciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"36","article-title":"Dynamical models of tuberculosis and their applications","volume":"1","author":"C. Castillo-Chavez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mathematical Biosciences & Engineering"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-5564(02)00108-6"},{"key":"38","volume-title":"Eigenvalues by row operations","author":"B. L. Willis","year":"2005"},{"key":"39","article-title":"Mathematical approaches for emerging and reemerging infectious diseases","volume":"126","author":"C. Castillo-Chavez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Models, Methods, and Theory"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.09.008"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Mathematics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jam\/2022\/2449710.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jam\/2022\/2449710.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jam\/2022\/2449710.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T23:50:28Z","timestamp":1648425028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jam\/2022\/2449710\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Bruno","family":"Carpentieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["2449710","2449710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/2449710","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-0042","1110-757X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-0042","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1110-757X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]]}}}