{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T14:20:16Z","timestamp":1793370016742,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]],"date-time":"2022-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":185,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31702284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31702284"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of novel therapeutics to treat multidrug\u2010resistant pathogenic infections like <jats:italic>Salmonella gallinarum<\/jats:italic> is the need of the hour. <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> infection causes typhoid fever, jaundice, and <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> hepatitis resulting in severe liver injury. Natural compounds have been proved beneficial for the treatment of these bacterial infections. The beneficial roles of cinnamaldehyde due to its antibacterial, anti\u2010inflammatory, and antioxidative properties have been determined by many researchers. However, alleviation of liver damage caused by <jats:italic>S. gallinarum<\/jats:italic> infection to young chicks by cinnamaldehyde remains largely unknown. Therefore, this study was performed to identify the effects of cinnamaldehyde on ameliorating liver damage in young chicks. Young chicks were intraperitoneally infected with <jats:italic>S. gallinarum<\/jats:italic> and treated with cinnamaldehyde orally. Liver and serum parameters were investigated by qRT\u2010PCR, ELISA kits, biochemistry kits, flow cytometry, JC\u20101 dye experiment, and transcriptome analysis. We found that ROS, cytochrome c, mitochondrial membrane potential (<jats:italic>\u03a8<\/jats:italic>m), caspase\u20103 activity, ATP production, hepatic CFU, ALT, and AST, which were initially increased by <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> infection, significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) decreased by cinnamaldehyde treatment at 1, 3, and 5 days postinfection (DPI). In addition, <jats:italic>S. gallinarum<\/jats:italic> infection significantly increased proinflammatory gene expression (<jats:italic>IL-1\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>IL-6<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>IL-12<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>NF-\u03baB<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>TNF-\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>MyD-88<\/jats:italic>) and decreased the expression of anti\u2010inflammatory genes (<jats:italic>IL-8<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>IL-10<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>iNOS<\/jats:italic>); however, cinnamaldehyde reverted these effects at 1, 3, and 5 DPI. Transcriptome analysis showed that <jats:italic>S. gallinarum<\/jats:italic> modulates certain genes of the AMPK\u2010mTOR pathway for its survival and replication, and these pathway modulations were reversed by cinnamaldehyde treatment. We concluded that cinnamaldehyde ameliorates inflammation and apoptosis by suppressing NF\u2010K<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\/caspase\u20103 pathway and reverts the metabolic changes caused by <jats:italic>S. gallinarum<\/jats:italic> infection via modulating the AMPK\u2010mTOR pathway. Furthermore, cinnamaldehyde has antibacterial, anti\u2010inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiapoptotic properties against <jats:italic>S. gallinarum-<\/jats:italic>challenged young chicks and can be a candidate novel drug to treat salmonellosis in poultry production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2459212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T02:50:13Z","timestamp":1657075813000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Protective Effects of Cinnamaldehyde on the Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Response, and Apoptosis in the Hepatocytes of <i>Salmonella<\/i> Gallinarum\u2010Challenged Young 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