{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T02:46:17Z","timestamp":1747190777096,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STDS, and TB Prevention","award":["5U01PS004113-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5U01PS004113-05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection incidence rates in the United States have increased since 2010 as a byproduct of the opioid crisis despite the introduction of direct-acting antiviral agents in 2013. HCV infection is associated with higher rates of liver-related and nonhepatic causes of death. Methods. This study compared demographic characteristics and age-adjusted death rates from 1995 to 2016 among Alaska Native (AN) adults infected with HCV (AK-HepC) to rates among the AN and non-AN adult populations living in Alaska. Liver-related disease (LRD) and other disease-specific age-adjusted death rates were compared between the populations. Results. The all-cause death rate among the AK-HepC cohort was 2.2- and 3.4-fold higher than AN and non-AN adults, respectively, and remained stable over time in all populations. The LRD death rate among the AK-HepC cohort was 18- and 11-fold higher than the non-AN and AN, respectively. The liver cancer rate among the AK-HepC cohort was 26-fold higher compared to the Alaska statewide population. The AK-HepC cohort had elevated rates of death associated with nonhepatic diseases with circulatory disease having the highest rate in all populations. Among liver cancer deaths in the AK-HepC cohort, 32% had HCV listed as a contributing cause of death on the death certificate. Conclusions. Death rates in the AK-HepC cohort remained stable since 1995 and higher compared to the general population. People with HCV infection had an elevated risk for all-cause, liver-related, and nonhepatic causes of death. Hepatitis C infection may be underrepresented as a cause of mortality in the United States.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2573545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T23:50:22Z","timestamp":1644364222000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mortality among Alaska Native Adults with Confirmed Hepatitis C Virus Infection Compared with the General Population in Alaska, 1995\u20132016"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6439-9714","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sara S.","family":"Bressler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Bruden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leisha D.","family":"Nolen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Towshend-Bulson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Disease and Hepatitis Program, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Spradling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian J.","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arctic Investigations Program, Division of Preparedness and Emerging Infections, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, AK, USA"},{"name":"Liver Disease and Hepatitis Program, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30297"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-156-4-201202210-00004"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2005.05.003"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu077"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw111"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.07.008"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.04.021"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz223"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(06)69374-4"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.10.056"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20049"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20046"},{"volume-title":"Division of Public Health, Health Analytics and Vital Records Section\/Bureau of Vital Statistics","year":"2017","author":"Alaska Department of Health and Social Services","key":"13"},{"volume-title":"Population Estimates","year":"2018","author":"Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development","key":"14"},{"volume-title":"International Classification of Diseases, 9th and 10th Revision","year":"1998","author":"World Health Organization","key":"15"},{"key":"16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Age adjustment using the 2000 projected U.S. population","volume":"20","author":"R. 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