{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:22:00Z","timestamp":1790814120761,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]],"date-time":"2022-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":84,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Medicago sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                    Linn or alfalfa is a tonic plant rich in proteins, vitamins, and minerals that is used to treat many diseases due to its pharmacological properties such as anti\u2010inflammatory and antioxidant activities. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of alfalfa methanolic extract (AME) on the prevention of liver damage caused by nicotine. The total phenols, flavonoids levels, and the free radical scavenging activity of its extract (IC50) were measured. In this study, 30 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups as control (untreated), N (nicotine only), T1, T2, and T3 (nicotine\u2009+\u2009AME 100, 250, and 500\u2009mg\/kg\/day, respectively). AME (orally) and nicotine (intraperitoneal injection, 0.5\u2009mg\/kg\/day) were then administered for 21 days. Weight gain, the liver\u2010to\u2010body weight ratio, liver functional enzymes, and the lipid profile were measured. Moreover, we evaluated oxidative stress, proinflammatory parameters, and histopathological changes in the liver. Total phenols, flavonoids, and IC50 were determined as 51.68 \u00b1 0.62\u2009mg GAE\/g, 18.55 \u00b1 1.01\u2009mg QE\/g, and 350.91 \u00b1 16.46\u2009\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    g\/ml, respectively. Nicotine changed the measured parameters to abnormal. AME increased weight gain, the liver\u2010to\u2010body weight ratio, and enzymatic antioxidant levels and decreased malondialdehyde, liver functional enzymes, and proinflammatory cytokine levels. The lipid profile and histopathological changes have also been improved by AME in a dose\u2010dependent manner. The results showed that AME in a dose\u2010dependent manner by improving the inflammation and oxidative damage could improve the liver damage caused by nicotine.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2691577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]],"date-time":"2022-03-26T16:50:09Z","timestamp":1648313409000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["The Antioxidant Properties of Alfalfa (\n                    <i>Medicago sativa<\/i>\n                    L.) and Its Biochemical, Antioxidant, Anti\u2010Inflammatory, and Pathological Effects on Nicotine\u2010Induced Oxidative Stress in the Rat Liver"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3460-8594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdieh","family":"Raeeszadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javad","family":"Beheshtipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rozhin","family":"Jamali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abolfazl","family":"Akbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03909-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3826"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2016-0366"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2015.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology","author":"Benowitz N. 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