{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T02:48:34Z","timestamp":1747190914026,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658102400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Current malaria treatment is associated with continued development of drug resistance. Thus, there is a need to develop safe and effective new treatments from different sources. Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) is a plant used for the treatment of malaria in Ethiopian traditional medicine. This study was aimed at evaluating of antimalarial activity of the crude extract and fractions of S. nigrum L. (Solanaceae) leaves against P. berghei infection in mice. Method. Both prophylactic and suppressive models were used in evaluating antimalarial activity using the ANKA Plasmodium strain. In these models, male mice were randomly grouped into eleven groups (n\u2009=\u20095). Mice in group I were given 4% Tween-80, mice from group II up to X were given 100, 200, and 400\u2009mg\/kg of plant extract, and the last group (XI) was treated with chloroquine (25\u2009mg\/kg). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey\u2019s multiple comparison test. Results. Crude extract of leaves of S. nigrum showed chemosuppression of 30.68 (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>P<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>&lt;<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>0.05<\/a:mn>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), 42.42 (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mi>P<\/c:mi>\n                        <c:mo>&lt;<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>0.01<\/c:mn>\n                     <\/c:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), and 50.75% (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mi>P<\/e:mi>\n                        <e:mo>&lt;<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>0.001<\/e:mn>\n                     <\/e:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>) at 100, 200, and 400\u2009mg\/kg doses of the extract, respectively. At doses of 100, 200, and 400\u2009mg\/kg, the chloroform fraction produced a chemosuppressive effect of 40.15% (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                        <g:mi>P<\/g:mi>\n                        <g:mo>&lt;<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mn>0.01<\/g:mn>\n                     <\/g:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), 53.78% (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <i:math xmlns:i=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\">\n                        <i:mi>P<\/i:mi>\n                        <i:mo>&lt;<\/i:mo>\n                        <i:mn>0.001<\/i:mn>\n                     <\/i:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), and 65.15% (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <k:math xmlns:k=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\">\n                        <k:mi>P<\/k:mi>\n                        <k:mo>&lt;<\/k:mo>\n                        <k:mn>0.001<\/k:mn>\n                     <\/k:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>) and a chemoprophylactic effect of 42.7% (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\">\n                        <m:mi>P<\/m:mi>\n                        <m:mo>&lt;<\/m:mo>\n                        <m:mn>0.05<\/m:mn>\n                     <\/m:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), 51.84% (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <o:math xmlns:o=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\">\n                        <o:mi>P<\/o:mi>\n                        <o:mo>&lt;<\/o:mo>\n                        <o:mn>0.001<\/o:mn>\n                     <\/o:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), and 67.17% (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <q:math xmlns:q=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M9\">\n                        <q:mi>P<\/q:mi>\n                        <q:mo>&lt;<\/q:mo>\n                        <q:mn>0.001<\/q:mn>\n                     <\/q:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>) when compared with negative control. In the suppressive model, the ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated a mean chemosuppression of 56.81% (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <s:math xmlns:s=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M10\">\n                        <s:mi>P<\/s:mi>\n                        <s:mo>&lt;<\/s:mo>\n                        <s:mn>0.001<\/s:mn>\n                     <\/s:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), 65.9% (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <u:math xmlns:u=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M11\">\n                        <u:mi>P<\/u:mi>\n                        <u:mo>&lt;<\/u:mo>\n                        <u:mn>0.001<\/u:mn>\n                     <\/u:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), and 70.83% (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <w:math xmlns:w=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M12\">\n                        <w:mi>P<\/w:mi>\n                        <w:mo>&lt;<\/w:mo>\n                        <w:mn>0.001<\/w:mn>\n                     <\/w:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). Similarly, in the prophylactic model, the fraction showed suppression of 42.70% (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <y:math xmlns:y=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M13\">\n                        <y:mi>P<\/y:mi>\n                        <y:mo>&lt;<\/y:mo>\n                        <y:mn>0.05<\/y:mn>\n                     <\/y:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), 53.11% (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <ab:math xmlns:ab=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M14\">\n                        <ab:mi>P<\/ab:mi>\n                        <ab:mo>&lt;<\/ab:mo>\n                        <ab:mn>0.001<\/ab:mn>\n                     <\/ab:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), and 71.03% (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <cb:math xmlns:cb=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M15\">\n                        <cb:mi>P<\/cb:mi>\n                        <cb:mo>&lt;<\/cb:mo>\n                        <cb:mn>0.001<\/cb:mn>\n                     <\/cb:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>) at 100, 200, and 400\u2009mg\/kg doses. On the acute oral toxicity test, the extracts were safe at 2\u2009g\/kg dose. Conclusion. S. nigrum L. has antimalarial activity and supports the traditional medical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3426175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T05:35:09Z","timestamp":1658208909000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Antimalarial Activity of Crude Extract and Solvent Fractions of Leaves of Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) against Plasmodium berghei in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7613-0384","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eshetie","family":"Melese Birru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. 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