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The effect of vaginal microbiota on spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) has not been fully addressed, and few studies have explored the associations between vaginal taxa and sPTB in the gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and non\u2010GDM groups, respectively. <jats:italic>Study Design<\/jats:italic>. To minimize external interference, a total of 41 pregnant women with sPTB and 308 controls (pregnant women without sPTB) from same regain were enrolled in this case\u2010cohort study. Controls were randomly selected at baseline. With the exception of GDM, other characteristics were not significantly different between the two groups. Vaginal swabs were collected at early second trimester. Using 16S amplicon sequencing, the main bioinformatics analysis was performed on the platform of QIIME 2. Vaginal microbiota traits of the sPTB group were compared with controls. Finally, the effects of binary taxa on sPTB in the GDM group and the non\u2010GDM group were analyzed, respectively. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. The proportion of GDM in the sPTB (19.51%) was higher than the controls (7.47%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.018). The vaginal microbiota of pregnant women with sPTB exhibited higher alpha diversity metrics (observed features, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001; Faith\u2019s phylogenetic diversity, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.013) and different beta diversity metrics (unweighted UniFrac, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.006; Jaccard\u2019s distance, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.004), compared with controls. The presence of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus paragasseri\/gasseri<\/jats:italic> (aOR: 3.12, 95% CI: 1.24\u20107.84), <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> (aOR: 3.58, 95% CI: 1.68\u20107.65), or <jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic> (aOR: 3.39, 95% CI: 1.55\u20107.39) was associated with an increased risk of sPTB in the non\u2010GDM group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). However, the relative abundance of novel <jats:italic>L. mulieris<\/jats:italic> (a new species of the <jats:italic>L. delbrueckii<\/jats:italic> group) was associated with a decreased risk of sPTB (false discovery rate, 0.10) in all pregnant women. <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. GDM may modify the association of vaginal taxa with sPTB, suggesting that maternal GDM should be considered when using vaginal taxa to identify pregnant women at high risk of sPTB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3536108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T18:39:34Z","timestamp":1669919974000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Differential Effect of Vaginal Microbiota on Spontaneous Preterm Birth among Chinese Pregnant Women"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6730-7101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Kan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8403-4755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yining","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutong","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianlei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4001-7408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9459-8650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anqun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0391-2254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingjie","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251816"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30451-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2018.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0600-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13115"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.863208","article-title":"Clustering analysis of the multi-microbial consortium by Lactobacillus species against vaginal dysbiosis among Ecuadorian women","volume":"12","author":"Pacha-Herrera D.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1988.tb00181.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix661"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2020.1736986"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","article-title":"Mild gestational diabetes and adverse pregnancy outcome: a systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Yarandi R. 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