{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T04:02:33Z","timestamp":1793332953931,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,23]],"date-time":"2022-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":203,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US NIH","award":["R21AI121700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI121700"]}]},{"name":"US NIH","award":["R01AI050875"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI050875"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Lepidium sativum<\/jats:italic> (garden cress) is a member of the Brassicaceae family that has been utilized for medicinal and culinary purposes in centuries. Anti\u2010inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antihypertensive, antiasthmatic, and hypoglycemic properties are found in various portions of the plant. The anti\u2010inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects of L. sativum were the subject of this review. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. The required information was gathered by searching the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases for the terms anti\u2010inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, immune system, and <jats:italic>Lepidium sativum<\/jats:italic>. Up until February 2022, the search was conducted. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. TNF\u2010, IL\u20106, IL\u20101, NO, iNOS, and HO\u20101 levels were reduced, indicating that <jats:italic>L. sativum<\/jats:italic> has anti\u2010inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Flavonoids, alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, tannins, glucosinolates, sterols, and triterpenes are the key chemical components that contribute to the anti\u2010inflammatory effects. In peritoneal neutrophils, <jats:italic>L. sativum<\/jats:italic> reduced oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals, as evidenced by a drop in superoxide anion and an increase in glutathione. <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. The anti\u2010inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities of <jats:italic>L. sativum<\/jats:italic> could be explored in clinical trials to treat inflammatory and immune system illnesses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3645038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,23]],"date-time":"2022-07-23T19:20:06Z","timestamp":1658604006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Anti\u2010inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Properties of <i>Lepidium sativum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"given":"Saeid","family":"Vazifeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parya","family":"Kananpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahna","family":"Khalilpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4948-4694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajjad Vazifeh","family":"Eisalou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Hamblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","volume-title":"Dictionary of American Regional English","author":"Cassidy F. G.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","volume-title":"Exceptional Herbs for your Garden","author":"Staub J.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","volume-title":"Vegetables of Canada","author":"Munro D. B.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","volume-title":"English Botany; or, Coloured Figures of British Plants","author":"Boswell J. T.","year":"1883"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22159\/ijcpr.2019v11i6.36338"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0944-7113(11)80035-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","article-title":"Nourishing and healing prowess of garden cress (Lepidium sativum Linn.)-a review","volume":"2","author":"Sharma S.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","first-page":"261","article-title":"\u201c In vitro\u201d antimicrobial assessment of\u201c Lepidium sativum\u201d L. seeds extracts","volume":"3","author":"Adam S. I.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56030097"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/890842"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13880208909116909"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","article-title":"In vivo antioxidant potential of Lepidium sativum L. seeds in albino rats using cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity","volume":"2","author":"Yadav Y. C.","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Phytomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v8i3.44536"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","first-page":"55","article-title":"A study on clinical efficacy of Lepidium sativum seeds in treatment of bronchial asthma","volume":"5","author":"Paranjape A. N.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Pharmacology & Therapeutic"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","first-page":"1005","article-title":"Effect of mucilaginous seeds on in vitro rate of starch hydrolysis and blood glucose levels of NIDDM subjects with special reference to garden cress seeds","volume":"20","author":"Patole A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8520.123132"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phanu.2013.11.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules191015440"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.09.116"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5947234"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fo30389f"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.12469"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/386473"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-8-25"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/635240"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15586\/aei.v49i6.338"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2009.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-009-1523-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511000663"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-013-1196-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_2","volume-title":"A Review Article Lepidium sativum (Garden Cress)","author":"Falana H.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2018.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_2","first-page":"69","article-title":"Garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seed-an important medicinal source: a review","volume":"4","author":"Snehal D. D.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_2","first-page":"4388","article-title":"Effects of cultivar and developmental stage on glucosinolates in garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.)","volume":"5","author":"Yanmaz R.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Plants Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2007.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf9002973"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2006.07.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_2","volume-title":"Glucosinolates in seeds and seedlings of broccoli (Brassicaoleracea var. italica). 28th Inter","author":"Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f G.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113439"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4514.2010.00366.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-019-04021-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5958\/0974-360X.2017.00723.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Hypolipidemic activity of Lepidium sativum Linn. seed in rats","volume":"10","author":"Shukla A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_2","first-page":"193","article-title":"Fracture healing activity of ethanolic extract of Lepidium sativum L. seeds in internally fixed rats\u2019 femoral osteotomy model","volume":"3","author":"Yadav Y. C.","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-017-0309-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2014.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2020.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80257-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_2","first-page":"244","article-title":"In vitro antioxidant activities of ethanolic extract of Lepidium sativum L. seeds","volume":"2","author":"Yadav Y. C.","year":"2011","journal-title":"An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_2","first-page":"410","article-title":"In vitro antioxidant activity and phytochemical analysis of seed extracts of Lepidium sativum a medicinal herb","volume":"2","author":"Bhasin P.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Biosciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2014.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25135\/rnp.79.18.01.204"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-018-1309-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules190811341"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2017.1413564"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1483-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_2","volume-title":"Efficacy of lepidium sativum seeds against carbon tetra chloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats","author":"Rajab W. J.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-017-3031-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2018.64.3.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2015.1035795"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12725"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2015.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-013-1785-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.02.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.11.139"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu4111679"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(14)60289-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2010.510472"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_2","first-page":"634","article-title":"Free radical scavenging activities, total phenolic and flavonoid content of Lepidium sativum (Linn.)","volume":"5","author":"Indumathy R.","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2014.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.7.2965"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b01285"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0702693"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.200357097"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_2","first-page":"28","article-title":"Bioactive compounds, radical scavenging, antioxidant properties and FTIR spectroscopy study of Morinda citrifolia fruit extracts","volume":"3","author":"Kumar S. K.","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2010.07.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2009.06.090037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_2","first-page":"48","article-title":"Study the anticancer effect of Lepidium sativum leaves extract on squamous cell carcinoma (CAL-27) cell lines","volume":"4","author":"AlObaidi L. A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Natural Science Research"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2022\/3645038.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2022\/3645038.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2022\/3645038","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T08:07:08Z","timestamp":1735632428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2022\/3645038"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Kazim","family":"Husain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2022\/3645038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/3645038","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6133","2314-6141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-6133","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-6141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-01-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"3645038"}}