{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:49:40Z","timestamp":1787017780002,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668556800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Nairobi"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014577","name":"International Livestock Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014577","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Q fever is an important worldwide zoonotic disease that affects almost all domestic animals, wildlife, and humans. The infection has both socio-economic and public health significance. A cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the estimates of seroprevalence of Q fever and to determine the predictors of the infection in cattle, sheep, and goats in six wards of Nandi County. A total of 1,140 blood samples were collected from 366 households. Samples were drawn from 725 cattle (64%), 283 sheep (25%), and 132 goats (11%). Multistage sampling method was adopted. Serum samples were analyzed for antibodies to Coxiella burnetii using the indirect ELISA test. Results showed an overall animal seroprevalence of 5.614% (64\/1140) for Q fever. In cattle, the seroprevalence was 8.138% (59\/725) with CI 95% (2.8\u201318.23), 1.413% (4\/283) for sheep CI 95% (1.0\u20137.78), and 0.758% (1\/132) goats CI 95% (0.14\u20137.27). From the findings, Q fever was more prevalent in cattle (OR 7.26) than in sheep and goats. Animal species (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>p<\/a:mi>\n                      <\/a:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    value 0.015, CI 95% OR 7.26) was the only potential predictors in the three considered species for the presence of Coxiella burnetii antibodies. Sex, age, breed, and production system had no statistical significant association for Q fever infection since\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mi>p<\/c:mi>\n                      <\/c:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    value was &gt;0.005. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that cattle, sheep, and goats are widely exposed to Q fever organisms, and hence, it is an important zoonosis in Nandi County. Therefore, to address this \u201csilent\u201d disease, there is an urgent call for both veterinarians and medical personnel to jointly address prevention and control strategy through enhanced surveillance, public sensitization, and awareness creation under the one health concept. There is also a need for enhanced capacity for the diagnosis of Q fever in both animals and humans in Nandi County.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3741285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T16:35:32Z","timestamp":1668616532000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Seroprevalence Estimates of Q Fever and the Predictors for the Infection in Cattle, Sheep, and Goats in Nandi County, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9856-4773","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J.","family":"Kiptanui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. B.","family":"Gathura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. M.","family":"Kitala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Bett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2011.01421.x"},{"key":"2","volume-title":"OIE Terrential Manual","author":"O. Fever","year":"2013"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.518","volume":"12","author":"M. Maurin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2006.10.048"},{"key":"5","article-title":"Analysis of veterinary service delivery in Uganda: an application of the process net-map tool","author":"J. Ilukor"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002787"},{"key":"7","volume-title":"Overview of Coxiellosis","author":"P. J. Plummer","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Q fever; United States: recommendations from CDC and the Q fever working group","volume":"62","author":"CDC","year":"2013","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0169"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-891x.1000215"},{"key":"11","volume-title":"Kenya National Census","author":"KNBS","year":"2019"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2929-9"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8158102"},{"key":"14","volume-title":"Sero-Prevalence of Coxiella Burnetii Infection in Sheep and Goats and Associated Factors in Baringo County, Kenya","author":"J. M. Muema","year":"2018"},{"key":"15","first-page":"4","article-title":"Diagnosis of human brucellosis in Nandi district Kenya by serum agglutination test","volume":"2","author":"K. Jerono","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kenya Journal of Health Sciences"},{"key":"16","volume-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Brucellosis in Livestock in Baringo County, Kenya","author":"P. Kosgei","year":"2016"},{"key":"17","volume-title":"Nandi County Integrated Development Plan","author":"NCIDP","year":"2013"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009275"},{"key":"19","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors for Q fever in dairy and slaughterhouse cattle of Jimma town, South Western Ethiopia","volume":"16","author":"B. D. Feyissa","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Veterinary Research"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.98.25.501"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.5455\/vetworld.2012.394-397","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Q fever in goats of the Sudan","volume":"5","author":"M. Hussien","year":"2012","journal-title":"Veterinary World"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2325-9590.1000109"},{"key":"23","volume-title":"Sero-epidemiological Survey of Q Fever in Livestock and Humans in Bura, Tana River County, Kenya","author":"D. K. Mwololo","year":"2016"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02207.x"},{"key":"25","volume-title":"The Annual Report of the County Director of Veterinary Services, Nandi County","author":"CDVS","year":"2015"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.160"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008100"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/vmi\/2022\/3741285.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/vmi\/2022\/3741285.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/vmi\/2022\/3741285.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T16:35:42Z","timestamp":1668616542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/vmi\/2022\/3741285\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Mancianti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["3741285","3741285"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/3741285","relation":{},"ISSN":["2042-0048","2090-8113"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2042-0048","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2090-8113","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]}}}