{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T07:15:09Z","timestamp":1767597309275,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662508800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Scientific World Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The infections transmitted by sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) pose always a real health problem due to the increasing number of cases detected each year and the annual emergence of new leishmaniasis outbreaks. This study evaluated the temporal evolution of six species of sand flies in five stations inventoried between May 2017 and April 2018, in order to determine for the first time the extent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) transmission in the city of Fez. The monthly impact of Fez sand fly density has been studied using all multivariate statistical analyses, including multiple factor correspondence analysis (MCA), which were performed using XLSTAT and the version of SPSS 20.0 test. Differences between concentrations were considered significant if <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>P<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>&lt;<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>0.05<\/a:mn>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>. To better study the results obtained, different ecological indices have been studied. This study showed that these vectors developed in different sectors of the city of Fez. A total of 816 sand flies were collected from five stations in the city, belonging to three species of the genus Phlebotomus (46.82%) and three species of the genus Sergentomyia (53.18%). The seasonal fluctuation of the average density followed a bimodal evolution for the three stations Dhar Richa, Ain Nokbi, and Boujloud. The stations of Ain Nokbi (0.87\u2009ph\/m2) and Dhar Richa (0.467\u2009ph\/m2) exposed the sites to a high average density with a maximum peak during August (1.965\u2009ph\/m2) and July (1.87\u2009Ph\/m2), respectively. S. minuta (44.24%), Ph. sergenti (26.96%), Ph. perniciosus (10.78%), and Ph. papatasi (9.07%) were the most qualified species. The calculated P value is above the 5% significance level, so the relative abundance of these species between study sites shows no significant difference. The period of phlebotomy activity of the genus Phlebotomus in Fez lasts seven months from May to November with a bimodal or trimodal evolution and varies according to the species or the surveyed station. The seasonal fluctuation of sand flies could be conditioned by climatic factors where the period of activity of the species coincides with the hot months (May, June, July, and August). We have observed that the temperature factor favors the prevalence of sand flies, while the difference in the relative abundance of species between the sites is related to the difference in the bioecological conditions of each site.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4095129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T21:20:08Z","timestamp":1662585608000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Seasonal Dynamics of Sand Flies (Diptera, Pshycodidae), Vectors of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, in the City of Fez, Northern Morocco"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6440-4846","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Najoua","family":"Darkaoui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorization of Naturals Resources (LBCVNR), Fez 30000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdellatif","family":"Janati Idrissi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorization of Naturals Resources (LBCVNR), Fez 30000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9205-7877","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fatima Zahra","family":"Talbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorization of Naturals Resources (LBCVNR), Fez 30000, Morocco"},{"name":"Hassan First University of Settat, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neurosciences, Natural Resources and Environment, P.O. Box 577, Settat 26000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7041-057X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Youness","family":"El Fattouhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorization of Naturals Resources (LBCVNR), Fez 30000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5794-2678","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hajar","family":"El Omari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Education, Preschool and Sports, Regional Academy of Education and Formation of Fez-Meknes, Qualifying Secondary Education, Moulay Ismail High School, Meknes, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9030-3360","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Najy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources and Sustainable Development Laboratory, University Ibn Tofail, Faculty of Sciences, BP133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1014-1002","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdelkarim","family":"Taam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Engineering Sciences, National School of Applied Sciences (ENSA), Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8880-2184","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdellatif","family":"Alami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3420-1735","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fouad","family":"El-Akhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Tetouan (Annex Al Hociema), Regional Health Directorate, Mohammed V Hospital, Al Hociema 32000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7152-9708","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdelhakim","family":"El Ouali Lalami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorization of Naturals Resources (LBCVNR), Fez 30000, Morocco"},{"name":"Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Fez, Regional Health Directorate Fez-Meknes, EL Ghassani Hospital, Fez 30000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","first-page":"70","article-title":"The phlebotomines of the Ethiopian region (Diptera: Psychodidae)","volume":"93","author":"E. 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