{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T03:50:42Z","timestamp":1762660242729,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653523200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002713","name":"Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RG-21-07-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-21-07-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sensors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Future autonomous electric vehicles (EVs) are equipped with several IoT sensors, smart devices, and wireless adapters, thus forming an Internet of Vehicles (IoVs). These intelligent EVs are envisioned to be a promising solution for improving transportation efficiency, road safety, and driving experience. Vehicular fog computing (VFC) is an evolving technology that allows vehicular application-related tasks to be offloaded to nearby computing nodes and process them quickly. A major challenge in the VFC system is to design energy-efficient task offloading algorithms. In this paper, we propose an optimal energy-efficient algorithm for task offloading in a VFC system that maximizes the expected reward function which is derived using the total energy and time delay of the system for the computation of the task. We use parallel computing and formulate the optimization problem as semi-Markov decision process (SMDP). Bellman optimal equation is used in value iteration algorithm (VIA) to get an optimal scheme by selecting the best action for the current state that maximizes the energy-based reward function. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the greedy algorithm in terms of energy consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4173346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T15:20:22Z","timestamp":1653578422000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["AI-Enabled Energy-Efficient Fog Computing for Internet of Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"given":"Hira","family":"Tariq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5816-097X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad Awais","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7771-9115","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ahmad Naseem","family":"Alvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7948-6266","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mozaherul Hoque Abul","family":"Hasanat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Badruddin","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4205-3621","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdul Khader Jilani","family":"Saudagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alkhathami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124198"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2018.2804162"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2018.03.010","article-title":"Trust-based security adaptation mechanism for vehicular sensor networks","volume":"137","author":"M. 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