{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T18:56:51Z","timestamp":1773428211218,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":130,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011821","name":"Ministry of Education \u2013 Kingdom of Saudi Arabi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MoE-IF-20-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MoE-IF-20-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011821","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Complexity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The proposed work describes an approach for segmentation of activated sludge flocs from the microscopic images for monitoring wastewater treatment. The morphological features of flocs (microbial aggregates) and filaments are related to the state of an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant and must be monitored for proper functioning. Hence, image processing and analysis could be a time\u2010saving monitoring tool. To address this challenge, we propose a novel framework involving a multiphase edge detection algorithm based on information theory. The proposed framework is evaluated and scrutinized critically considering the artifacts found in the photographs tested. To evaluate the segmentations, gold approximation of estimated truth images is created. In addition, the performance was subjectively evaluated for its potential for segmenting activated sludge images. Experimental results show that the proposed framework exhibits the good results and demonstrates its effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4347170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T19:06:11Z","timestamp":1652295971000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Segmentation of Activated Sludge Flocs in Microscopic Images for Monitoring Wastewater Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8013-1446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Elaraby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7522-5269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walid","family":"Hamdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2026-5666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Humaira","family":"Nisar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7658-7085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monagi H.","family":"Alkinani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.12.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471717967"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2015.1085909"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BradhurstC. J. BolesW. andXiaoY. Segmentation of bone marrow stromal cells in phase contrast microscopy images Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference Image And Vision Computing November 2008 Christchurch New Zealand IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVCNZ.2008.4762144"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tip.2014.2298981"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2002.0505"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-011-0655-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DebeirO. AdanjaI. Warz\u00e9eN. HamP. V. andDecaesteckerC. Phase contrast image segmentation by weak watershed transform assembly Proceedings of the 5th Ieee International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Macro May 2008 Paris France IEEE 724\u2013727.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI.2008.4541098"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","volume-title":"Digital Image Processing Using Matlab","author":"Gonzalez R. C.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.25115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s1431927607070092"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10984-8_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s143192761300161x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KhanM. B. NisarH. NgC. A. andLoP. K. Estimation of sludge volume index (svi) using bright \ufb01eld activated sludge images I Proceedings of the IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference May 2016 Taipei Taiwan IEEE 407\u2013411.","DOI":"10.1109\/I2MTC.2016.7520397"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.jei.24.6.061102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2017.1293166"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KhanM. B. NisarH. NgC. A. SalihY. andMalikA. S. Segmentation assessment of activated sludge \ufb02ocs at different magni\ufb01cations for wastewater treatment Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Control System Computing and Engineering (ICCSCE) November 2014 Penang Malaysia IEEE 592\u2013596.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSCE.2014.7072787"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(86)90030-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-1833-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/945\/1\/012024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_2","first-page":"108586","volume-title":"Meta-seg: A Survey of Meta-Learning for Image Segmentation","author":"Luo S.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2022.111041"}],"container-title":["Complexity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2022\/4347170","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/2022\/4347170","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2022\/4347170","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T21:17:05Z","timestamp":1769116625000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2022\/4347170"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hassan","family":"Zargarzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2022\/4347170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/4347170","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-2787","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0526","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-02-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"4347170"}}