{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:47:31Z","timestamp":1783644451778,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658448000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Biomaterials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Onosma roots are widely used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases throughout the world. In this study, for the first time, we investigated the component composition and biological activity of various extracts from the roots of Onosma gmelinii collected in the highlands of the Kakpakty Mountains of the Almaty region (Republic of Kazakhstan). Extracts were obtained by three different methods: percolation extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The component composition of the extracts was determined by gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry (GC\/MS), naphthoquinones by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and spectrophotometric method. In this study, the presence of shikonin and its derivatives in the extracts was confirmed. The concentration of naphthoquinones during CO2 extraction was about 40%, during ultrasonic extraction about 3%, and during percolation extraction about 1.3%. The GC-MS method identified 69 chemical compounds in the ultrasonic extract, 46 compounds in the CO2 extract, and 51 compounds in the percolation extract. The extracts were tested on a panel of bacteria and viruses: two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027); nine Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538-P, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-39, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 51625, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615, Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC BAA-660, Enterococcus hirae ATCC 10541, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51575, Enterococcus faecium ATCC 700221); and two fungal species (Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Candida albicans ATCC 2091); five subtypes of influenza virus A (A\/FPV\/Weybridge\/78 (H7N7), A\/Swine\/Iowa\/15\/30 (H1N1), A\/black-headed gull\/Atyrau\/743\/04 (H13N6), A\/FPV\/Rostock\/1934 (H7N1), A\/Almaty\/8\/98 (H3N2)). The root extracts of Onosma gmelinii showed antibacterial activity in different degrees against all tested Gram-positive bacterial strains, while no inhibitory effect on Gram-negative bacteria was observed. The results indicated that the ultrasonic extract effectively inhibits the growth of the majority of tested Gram-positive bacteria (MBC from 18.3 to 293.0\u2009\u00b5g\/mL). CO2 extract had the greatest bactericidal activity (MBC from 0.1 to 24.4\u2009\u00b5g\/mL). Percolation extract insignificantly inhibited bacterial growth (MBC from 2343.8 to 4687.5\u2009\u00b5g\/mL). CO2 extract and ultrasonic extract significantly reduced the activity of C. albicans. The results of the antiviral action showed that the ultrasonic extract has the greatest effectiveness against different subtypes of the influenza virus A, while other extracts did not show significant activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4427804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T21:05:05Z","timestamp":1658523905000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Component Composition and Biological Activity of Various Extracts of Onosma gmelinii (Boraginaceae)"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9490-9300","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sergey V.","family":"Shilov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Virology Laboratory, JSC Scientific Center for Anti-Infectious Drugs, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2961-5730","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gulbaram O.","family":"Ustenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9827-0129","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lashyn N.","family":"Kiyekbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakh-Russian Medical University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Public Health and Nursing, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0397-7840","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ilya S.","family":"Korotetskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Laboratory, JSC Scientific Center for Anti-Infectious Drugs, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0280-143X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Natalia V.","family":"Kudashkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy with a Course in Botany and the Basics of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bashkortostan State Medical University, Ufa 450008, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6436-803X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Natalya V.","family":"Zubenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Virology Laboratory, JSC Scientific Center for Anti-Infectious Drugs, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8806-4214","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Raikhan A.","family":"Parenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Laboratory, JSC Scientific Center for Anti-Infectious Drugs, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Engineering Disciplines, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8610-7321","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ardak B.","family":"Jumagaziyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, JSC Scientific Center for Anti-Infectious Drugs, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7428-0074","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhanar A.","family":"Iskakbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, JSC Scientific Center for Anti-Infectious Drugs, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9154-1424","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sabina T.","family":"Kenesheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, JSC Scientific Center for Anti-Infectious Drugs, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.112053"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2013.02.008"},{"key":"3","volume-title":"WHO Guidelines on Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (GACP) for Medicinal Plants","author":"WHO","year":"2003"},{"key":"4","volume-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization: Special Collection [Russian]","author":"WHO","year":"2012"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.120513"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112656"},{"issue":"10","key":"7","first-page":"5755","article-title":"Onosma mutabilis: phytochemical composition, antioxidant, cytotoxicity, and acute oral toxicity","volume":"9","author":"A. A. j Jabbar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sciences and Nutrition"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/jjnpp.69246"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2006.06.031"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.08.052"},{"issue":"11","key":"11","first-page":"699","article-title":"Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in medicinal plants of Mongolia, Nepal and Tibet","volume":"64","author":"E. Roeder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Die Pharmazie"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.53.907"},{"key":"13","volume-title":"An Annotated List of Medicinal Plants of Kazakhstan","author":"L. M. Gruzinskaya","year":"2014"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2005.05.001"},{"issue":"19","key":"15","first-page":"5084","article-title":"Parasiticidal, antifungal and antibacterial activities of Onosma griffithii Vatke","volume":"8","author":"B. Ahmad","year":"2009","journal-title":"African Journal of Biotechnology"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112633"},{"key":"17","article-title":"High frequency direct plant regeneration, micropropagation and Shikonin induction in Arnebia hispidissima","volume":"13","author":"M. Pal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-3717-5"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1350934"},{"key":"20"},{"key":"21","first-page":"352","article-title":"Useful plants of the Karaganda region","author":"M. Yu. Ishmuratova"},{"issue":"3","key":"22","article-title":"A Review on the extraction methods use in medicinal plants, principle, strength and limitation","volume":"4","author":"N. N. Azwanida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicinal & Aromatic Plants"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138527206776055277"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4274\/tjps.40316"},{"key":"25","first-page":"775","article-title":"Thin-layer chromatography analysis of extract oxytropis glabra LAM. DC","volume":"18","author":"A. Amirkhanova","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference: Surveying Geology and Mining Ecology Management SGEM"},{"key":"26","first-page":"20","article-title":"Quantative determination of shikonin and its derivataves in raw material and drugs","volume":"11","author":"J. V. Daironas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Problems of Biological, Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry"},{"key":"27","article-title":"Influenza: propagation, quantification, and storage","volume":"15","author":"K. J. Szretter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Current Protocols in Microbiology"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2173-1"},{"key":"31","first-page":"1025","article-title":"Study on antiviral activity of coordination compound based on molecular iodine against influenza a virus","volume":"17","author":"N. Zubenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference-SGEM"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1043471"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1074558"},{"key":"34","volume-title":"World Federation for Culture Collection Guidelines for the Establishment and Operation of Culture Collections of Cultures of Microorganisms","author":"WFCC executive board","year":"2010","edition":"3"},{"key":"35","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","author":"CLSI","year":"2020","edition":"31"},{"key":"36","volume-title":"Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts","author":"CLSI","year":"2017","edition":"4"},{"issue":"5","key":"37","first-page":"2392","article-title":"Chemical composition of Fagopyrum esceulentum Moench seed through GC-MS","volume":"10","author":"Neeraj","year":"2019","journal-title":"IJPSR"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10561"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules171214310"},{"key":"40","first-page":"252","volume-title":"Natural Naphthoquinones: Prospects for Medical Use","author":"J. V. Dayronas","year":"2011"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00894-011-1170-9"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.53.796"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.02.043"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1280266"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.47.9.2810-2816.2003"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.34.197"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b12-00338"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1280092"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/np010599w"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986708786848532"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/np2006499"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2011.137"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/09298673113209990008"},{"issue":"1","key":"54","first-page":"12","article-title":"GC-MS analysis of bioactive components of Cordia retusa (Boraginaceae)","volume":"6","author":"M. Amudha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hygeia: Journal of Drugs and Medicines"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines3010003"},{"issue":"11","key":"56","first-page":"4213","article-title":"GC\/MS analysis and antimicrobial activity of diethyl ether fraction of methanolic extract from the stem bark of Annona senegalensis Pers","volume":"3","author":"E. P. Awa","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10600-012-0252-y"},{"issue":"8","key":"58","first-page":"1776","article-title":"Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of root extract of Onosma dichroanthum Boiss. in north of Iran","volume":"6","author":"P. Z. Moghaddam","year":"2012","journal-title":"African Journal of Microbiology Research"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0367-326x(03)00161-8"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Biomaterials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijbm\/2022\/4427804.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijbm\/2022\/4427804.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijbm\/2022\/4427804.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T21:05:32Z","timestamp":1658523932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijbm\/2022\/4427804\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sameh","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["4427804","4427804"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/4427804","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-8795","1687-8787"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-8795","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1687-8787","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]}}}