{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T17:51:24Z","timestamp":1778867484203,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":160,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of the study was to develop PEGylated protamine letrozole nanoparticles to combat human breast cancer by modifying the release pattern of letrozole. Breast cancer is amongst the most prevalent diseases in women due to overactivity of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). PEG\u2010protamine letrozole nanoparticle formulation was designed and optimized to alter the release pattern of the drug. The size, morphology, and structure of PEG\u2010protamine letrozole NP were characterized by FTIR, XRD, Zetasizer, and SEM analysis. The result showed the PEG\u2010protamine letrozole nanoparticles were irregular in shape and have size ranging from 258\u2009nm to 388\u2009nm, polydispersity index 0.114 to 0.45, zeta potential of 11.2\u2009mV, and entrapment efficiency 89.93%. XRD studies have confirmed that the crystal structure of letrozole has become amorphous. The drug release study maintained the prolonged release for 72 hours. Moreover, the PEG\u2010protamine letrozole NPs displayed a strong anticancer action compared to MCF\u20107 cells with an IC50 70\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>M for letrozole and 50\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>M for PEG\u2010protamine letrozole NPs. Overall, our results indicate that letrozole PEG\u2010protamine NPs alter the release profile of letrozole, which could be an excellent approach for overcoming letrozole resistance in human breast cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4438518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]],"date-time":"2022-06-11T01:50:13Z","timestamp":1654912213000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["PEGylated Protamine Letrozole Nanoparticles: A Promising Strategy to Combat Human Breast Cancer via MCF\u20107 Cell Lines"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Tafhim","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zia","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad 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