{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T09:22:07Z","timestamp":1762161727488,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641772800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Disease Markers"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective. To develop a novel sensitive and accurate assay suitable for high-volume testing of the total complement activity in the serum for clinical laboratories. Methods. The total complement activity (TCA) to be measured was quantified by detecting the number of fragments produced by erythrocyte lysis and the erythrocyte fragmentation index (EFI), indicating TCA. <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mtext>EFI<\/a:mtext>\n                        <a:mo>=<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mi>M<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>\u00d7<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mi>M<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mn>2<\/a:mn>\n                        <a:mo>\/<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mfenced open=\"(\" close=\")\">\n                           <a:mrow>\n                              <a:mi>M<\/a:mi>\n                              <a:mn>1<\/a:mn>\n                              <a:mo>+<\/a:mo>\n                              <a:mi>M<\/a:mi>\n                              <a:mn>2<\/a:mn>\n                           <\/a:mrow>\n                        <\/a:mfenced>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, where <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <e:mi>M<\/e:mi>\n                     <\/e:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> is the number of erythrocyte fragments (removed from the background), <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <g:mi>M<\/g:mi>\n                        <g:mn>1<\/g:mn>\n                     <\/g:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> is the number of unagglutinated red cells, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <i:math xmlns:i=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                        <i:mi>M<\/i:mi>\n                        <i:mn>2<\/i:mn>\n                     <\/i:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> is the number of agglutinated red cell groups, and <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <k:math xmlns:k=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\">\n                        <k:mi>M<\/k:mi>\n                        <k:mn>2<\/k:mn>\n                        <k:mo>\/<\/k:mo>\n                        <k:mfenced open=\"(\" close=\")\">\n                           <k:mrow>\n                              <k:mi>M<\/k:mi>\n                              <k:mn>1<\/k:mn>\n                              <k:mo>+<\/k:mo>\n                              <k:mi>M<\/k:mi>\n                              <k:mn>2<\/k:mn>\n                           <\/k:mrow>\n                        <\/k:mfenced>\n                     <\/k:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> is the agglutination coefficient indicating the degree of erythrocyte agglutination. Mild changes in hemolysin and erythrocyte concentrations were made to optimize the testing conditions. The same serum samples were tested for 10 consecutive days to determine the stability of the experimental results. Serum EFI was detected in both nephrotic syndrome patients and healthy subjects. Results. There was a linear relationship between hemolysin and erythrocyte agglutination (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <o:math xmlns:o=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\">\n                        <o:mi>r<\/o:mi>\n                        <o:mo>=<\/o:mo>\n                        <o:mn>0.999<\/o:mn>\n                     <\/o:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <q:math xmlns:q=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\">\n                        <q:mi>P<\/q:mi>\n                        <q:mo>&lt;<\/q:mo>\n                        <q:mn>0.001<\/q:mn>\n                     <\/q:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). A good linear relationship existed between EFI and TCA (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <s:math xmlns:s=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\">\n                        <s:mi>r<\/s:mi>\n                        <s:mo>=<\/s:mo>\n                        <s:mn>0.991<\/s:mn>\n                     <\/s:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <u:math xmlns:u=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M9\">\n                        <u:mi>P<\/u:mi>\n                        <u:mo>&lt;<\/u:mo>\n                        <u:mn>0.001<\/u:mn>\n                     <\/u:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). The results were not affected by slight fluctuations in the concentrations of hemolysin or erythrocytes. The interbatch <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <w:math xmlns:w=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M10\">\n                        <w:mtext>CV<\/w:mtext>\n                        <w:mo>=<\/w:mo>\n                        <w:mn>8.6<\/w:mn>\n                        <w:mi>%<\/w:mi>\n                     <\/w:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> of the test results showed good stability. There was a significant difference in the EFI between nephrotic syndrome patients and healthy individuals, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <y:math xmlns:y=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M11\">\n                        <y:mi>P<\/y:mi>\n                        <y:mo>&lt;<\/y:mo>\n                        <y:mn>0.001<\/y:mn>\n                     <\/y:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, and EFI was reduced in nephrotic syndrome patients compared to healthy individuals. Conclusion. The flow cytometry-based assay for TCA was sensitive and accurate and had potential value for clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4532511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T19:50:08Z","timestamp":1641844208000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Flow Cytometry-Based Assay for the Measurement of Total Complement Activity in the Serum and Clinical Practice"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6215-9581","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xuewei","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4617-4159","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shijun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3974-0930","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-010-1034-0"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01212"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15171"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16549"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI90962"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-020-01258-3"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.42.10.1018"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/1923"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01936"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(78)90266-1"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(84)90432-0"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.33.8.781"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24087"},{"issue":"6","key":"14","first-page":"479","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of nephrotic syndrome in adults","volume":"93","author":"C. 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