{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T08:12:31Z","timestamp":1767168751392,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653523200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Bionics and Biomechanics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Objective. To investigate the prevalence of refractive errors among school children in Suining City, Sichuan Province, and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of myopia. Methods. This was a school-based cross-sectional study. Children aged 6-15 years were selected from kindergartens, primary schools, and middle schools in the urban setting of Suining City. The children underwent ocular examination including measurement of uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), visual acuity when wearing glasses, and noncycloplegic autorefractometry. Results. Of the 1200 eligible students, 1138 children (94.8%), 553 of them girls (47.4%), participated. The mean age was\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mn>10.64<\/a:mn>\n                        <a:mo>\u00b1<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>2.89<\/a:mn>\n                      <\/a:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    years. The prevalence of myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and emmetropia was 59.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 57.6, 60.5), 5.0% (95% CI: 4.7, 6.1), 38.4% (95% CI: 55.5, 58.5), and 25% (95% CI: 23.7, 26.2), respectively. In univariate analysis, the prevalence of myopia was correlated with age, female gender, and learning stage. The prevalence of hyperopia and astigmatism was correlated with age and learning stage. The prevalence of mild myopia, moderate myopia, and high myopia in the 1138 students was 17.7%, 41.4%, and 3.3%, respectively. The prevalence of mild, moderate, and high myopia all increased with age and learning stage. The prevalence of myopia differed by gender. The mean spherical equivalents of the right and left eyes were\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mo>\u2212<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>1.40<\/c:mn>\n                        <c:mo>\u00b1<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>1.99<\/c:mn>\n                      <\/c:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    diopters (D) and\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mo>\u2212<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>1.29<\/e:mn>\n                        <e:mo>\u00b1<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>1.93<\/e:mn>\n                        <e:mtext>\u2009<\/e:mtext>\n                        <e:mtext>D<\/e:mtext>\n                      <\/e:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    , respectively, and the median values were -0.75\u2009D and -0.6\u2009D, respectively. The mean spherical equivalent increased with age, learning stage, and female gender. Conclusions. The most common type of refractive error was myopia which was associated with higher age, female gender, and higher learning stage. This study provides new data and recommendations for myopia-control in school-aged children in Sichuan province.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4845713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T19:35:09Z","timestamp":1653593709000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of Refractive Error in School Children in Suining City of Sichuan Province, China: A School-Based Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"given":"Linglin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Suining City, Suining, 629000 Sichuan Province, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Suining City, Suining, 629000 Sichuan Province, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhijin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Suining City, Suining, 629000 Sichuan Province, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zaihong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Suining City, Suining, 629000 Sichuan Province, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6909-2298","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Suining City, Suining, 629000 Sichuan Province, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.12.018"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12305"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10106"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.2011.44.1.56"},{"issue":"6","key":"6","first-page":"550","article-title":"Status of visual acuity in elementary school students in Jinshui District of Zhengzhou","volume":"36","author":"L. X. Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Recent Advances in Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"7","first-page":"140","article-title":"Prevalence and related factors investigations of myopia among multi-ethnic adolescents in Linxia Prefecture","volume":"16","author":"M. L. Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Eye Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"8","first-page":"134","article-title":"Analysis on poor eyesight and ametropia in students of different learning stages in Baoshan District in 2017","volume":"19","author":"Q. Q. Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Eye Science"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2017.05.005"},{"issue":"250","key":"10","first-page":"47","article-title":"Comparison of the myopia prevalence among primary and middle school students in Shanghai between 2007 and 2012","volume":"35","author":"W. J. Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of School Health"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.2658"},{"issue":"6","key":"12","first-page":"491","article-title":"Population-based survey of refractive error in school-aged children in Liwan District, Guangzhou","volume":"44","author":"M. G. He","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082763"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12299"},{"issue":"5","key":"15","first-page":"395","article-title":"A meta-analysis for prevalence of myopia among Chinese teenagers","volume":"24","author":"Z. Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12287"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-358"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027212"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-14-163"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078003"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2013.842596"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-018-0580-y"},{"issue":"12","key":"23","first-page":"1460","article-title":"Prevalence of astigmatism in Hangzhou children aged 6-15","volume":"33","author":"C. Y. Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of School Health"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08820538.2018.1539182"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.06.039"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.150635"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2007.00112.x"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-16151"},{"issue":"6","key":"29","first-page":"369","article-title":"The distribution of astigmatism in children and adolescents in Wenzhou area and risk factor analysis","volume":"19","author":"H. Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Optometry Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-016-0244-1"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12644"},{"issue":"2, article e0117349","key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117349","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia and its risk factors in urban school children in Delhi: the North India myopia study (NIM study)","volume":"10","author":"R. Saxena","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6210"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9748576","article-title":"Role of gender in the prevalence of myopia among polish schoolchildren","volume":"2019","author":"M. Czepita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2016.01.006"},{"key":"36","first-page":"2103","article-title":"Epidemiological study on visual acuity and refractive status of primary students and junior high school students in Shenzhen","volume":"16","author":"B. Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Eye Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"37","first-page":"451","article-title":"Prevalence of ametropia and visual impairment in elementary school students in Baoshan District of Shanghai","author":"X. F. Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Experimental Ophtalmology"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1982.tb00622.x"},{"issue":"17","key":"39","first-page":"1294","article-title":"Analysis on the relationship between adolescent myopia and serum sex hormone","volume":"94","author":"H. Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joco.2015.09.008"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001344"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14350"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200303000-00012"},{"issue":"7","key":"44","first-page":"1287","article-title":"Prevalence of myopia among primary and middle school students in Longkou City, Shandong Province","volume":"18","author":"X. W. Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Eye Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"45","first-page":"1196","article-title":"Prevalence and influencing factors of myopia between adolescents in Chengdu and Mianyang area","volume":"19","author":"L. L. Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Eye Science"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000441900"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2018.1472286"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/729463"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-102938"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2016.0259"},{"issue":"2","key":"51","first-page":"145","article-title":"Analysis on influencing factors of hypopsia in primary and middle school students in urban area of Chenzhou","volume":"16","author":"Y. L. Ou","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Eye Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"52","first-page":"137","article-title":"A cross-sectional survey on refractive errors in students 4-18 years old in Guanxian county, Shandong province","volume":"16","author":"J. F. Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Optometry Ophthalmology Visual Science"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2016.07.009"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9820167","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"retraction-watch","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701216000000},"record-id":"60753"},{"DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9820167","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701216000000}}],"container-title":["Applied Bionics and Biomechanics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/abb\/2022\/4845713.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/abb\/2022\/4845713.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/abb\/2022\/4845713.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]],"date-time":"2022-05-26T19:35:48Z","timestamp":1653593748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/abb\/2022\/4845713\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Fahd Abd","family":"Algalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["4845713","4845713"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/4845713","relation":{},"ISSN":["1754-2103","1176-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1754-2103","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1176-2322","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]}}}