{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:24:21Z","timestamp":1790702661503,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651104000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2022R190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2022R190"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>It can be challenging for doctors to identify eye disorders early enough using fundus pictures. Diagnosing ocular illnesses by hand is time-consuming, error-prone, and complicated. Therefore, an automated ocular disease detection system with computer-aided tools is necessary to detect various eye disorders using fundus pictures. Such a system is now possible as a consequence of deep learning algorithms that have improved image classification capabilities. A deep-learning-based approach to targeted ocular detection is presented in this study. For this study, we used state-of-the-art image classification algorithms, such as VGG-19, to classify the ODIR dataset, which contains 5000 images of eight different classes of the fundus. These classes represent different ocular diseases. However, the dataset within these classes is highly unbalanced. To resolve this issue, the work suggested converting this multiclass classification problem into a binary classification problem and taking the same number of images for both classifications. Then, the binary classifications were trained with VGG-19. The accuracy of the VGG-19 model was 98.13% for the normal (N) versus pathological myopia (M) class; the model reached an accuracy of 94.03% for normal (N) versus cataract (C), and the model provided an accuracy of 90.94% for normal (N) versus glaucoma (G). All of the other models also improve the accuracy when the data is balanced.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5007111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T00:50:09Z","timestamp":1651193409000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Deep Learning for Ocular Disease Recognition: An Inner-Class Balance"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5138-3692","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Md Shakib","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nafisa","family":"Tafshir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8089-9789","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kazi Nabiul","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5919-8926","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdur Rab","family":"Dhruba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0779-8820","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad Monirujjaman","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9678-9744","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amani Abdulrahman","family":"Albraikan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. 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