{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T14:36:45Z","timestamp":1777127805548,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Computer Networks and Communications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Optical networks offer a wide range of benefits to the telecommunication sector worldwide with their provision of higher bandwidth, which leads to faster data speed, longer transmission distance, and improved latency. Currently, the complexity associated with advancements in optical networks poses problems to network flexibility, reliability, and quality of service. Over the years, many reviews and proposals have been implemented by several literature studies to provide solutions for optical networks using software-defined networks and network service orchestrators. This study reviews the significant challenges in current optical network applications, the various solutions rendered by software-defined networks, and network service orchestration, impediments, and gaps in these software-defined networks. This study will go a step further to look into the various improvements and implementations of software-defined networks tailored to solve specific optical network problems. This study further proposes a flexible orchestration architecture for software-defined networks for solving flexibility and scalability problems in optical networks. This proposal uses an open network system (ONOS) SDN controller, leveraging on dockerisation and Kubernetes clusterisation and orchestration. This solution presents a more flexible, reliable, customable, and higher quality of service, which is an improvement upon current solutions in the literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5037702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T18:05:10Z","timestamp":1659636310000},"page":"1-40","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Software-Defined Networks for Optical Networks Using Flexible Orchestration: Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9289-9417","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Nsafoa-Yeboah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Engineering & IT, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, Villach, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3242-9747","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eric Tutu","family":"Tchao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8087-6963","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bright","family":"Yeboah-Akowuah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3145-0066","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Kommey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7426-3909","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew Selasi","family":"Agbemenu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4524-4370","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eliel","family":"Keelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0779-8820","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Monirujjaman Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","volume-title":"Introduction to Fiber-Optic Communications","author":"R. Hui","year":"2020"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816502-7.00032-4","article-title":"Preface: overview of optical fiber telecommunications VII","volume-title":"Optical Fiber Telecommunications VII","author":"A. E. Willner","year":"2020"},{"key":"3","article-title":"Driving factors behind QCT\u2019s industry-leading open ran solutions white paper","author":"SDxCentral","year":"2021"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2020.102576"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2586999"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jproc.2014.2371999"},{"key":"7","article-title":"SDN architecture","author":"Open Networking Foundation","year":"2014"},{"key":"8","article-title":"What is network orchestration","author":"Field Engineer Company","year":"2021"},{"key":"9","article-title":"What is SDN orchestration","author":"SDX Central Studios","year":"2021"},{"key":"10","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) statement","author":"D. Moher","year":"2021"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2020.09.025"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jlt.2017.2760507"},{"key":"13","article-title":"Development of optical networking for 5G smart infrastructures","author":"S. Miladic-Tesic"},{"key":"14","article-title":"A review of optical networking technologies supporting 5G communication infrastructure","volume":"28","author":"S. Miladi\u0107-Te\u0161i\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wireless Networks"},{"issue":"12","key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2856828","article-title":"Passive optical network for 5G transport: technology and standards","volume":"37","author":"J. S. Wey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Lightway Technology"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan8030047"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.osn.2021.100621"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25007\/ajnu.v9n2a718"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.417272"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351452.3351464"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2507643","article-title":"Optical wireless data center networks: potentials, limitations, and prospects","volume-title":"Broadband Access Communication Technologies XIII","author":"A. Celik","year":"2019"},{"key":"22","volume-title":"Optical Networking","author":"N. Ramsey","year":"2015"},{"key":"23","article-title":"Buffer less all-optical WDM networks with dynamic traffic","author":"F. M. Mustafa","year":"2017"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2019.06.022"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DISCOVER.2016.7806260"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4218\/etrij.2018-0565"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3436829.3436874"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"A review of SDN-based next generation smart networks","author":"P. Prabakaran","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCT2.2019.8824871"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gltp.2021.08.018"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2016.2516946"},{"key":"31","volume-title":"Software-Defined Optical Networking (SDON): Principles and Applications, Optical Fiber and Wireless Communications","author":"Y. Zhao","year":"2017"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/surv.2013.081313.00105"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Mobile traffic forecasting for maximizing 5G network slicing resource utilization","author":"V. Sciancalepore","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2017.8057230"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.011413.00087"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Experimenting hierarchical PCE architecture in a distributed multi-platform control plane testbed","author":"F. Paolucci","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2012.OM3G.3"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC7758","volume-title":"Time Capability in NETCONF","author":"T. Mizrahi","year":"2016"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2015.2477041"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2016.2598420"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3172866"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.2995849"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2017.2783682"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2910140","article-title":"A survey on data plane flexibility and programmability in software-defined networking","author":"E. Kaljic","year":"2019"},{"key":"43","article-title":"Advantages of software defined networks","author":"S. Loew","year":"2017"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2775042"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.04.066","article-title":"Novel SDN architecture for smart MPLS traffic engineering-DiffServ aware management","volume":"87","author":"A. Bahnasse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-015-0665-5","article-title":"Software-defined mobile networks security","volume":"21","author":"M. Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mobile Networks and Applications"},{"key":"47","article-title":"What is network orchestration","author":"AppviewX Solutions","year":"2020"},{"key":"48","volume-title":"Optical Network Design and Planning","author":"J. M. Simmons","year":"2018"},{"key":"49","article-title":"Why is software defined networks important","author":"C. Craven","year":"2019"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2019.106984"},{"key":"51","volume-title":"Cognitive Optical Networks: Architectures and Techniques","author":"A. Grebeshkov","year":"2016"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2020.107382"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mcomstd.2018.8334915"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Bayesian classification-based service-awareness in software defined optical network for big data services","author":"D. Wang","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBDA.2017.8078702"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mnet.2017.1700200"},{"key":"56","article-title":"Security authentication based on generated address algorithm for software-defined optical communication network","author":"T. Liu"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Security-enhanced signaling scheme in software defined optical network","author":"D. Wang","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSN.2018.8488276"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/jocn.10.000344"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Risk balancing routing assignment mechanism based software defined optical network service importance","author":"C. Chen","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOCN.2017.8121500"},{"key":"60","article-title":"Automatic software defined network (SDN) performance management using TOPSIS decision-making algorithm","volume":"19","author":"S. Alireza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Grid Computing"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2909356"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11591\/ijece.v8i5.pp3084-3091"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29252\/jist.8.30.121"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.54.12.126110","article-title":"Virtual optical network provisioning with unified service logic processing model for software defined multi-domain optical network","volume":"54","author":"Y. Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Optical Engineering"},{"key":"65","volume-title":"Software-Defined Optical Networking (SDON)","author":"Y. Zhao","year":"2019"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2016.01.008","article-title":"Continuity aware spectrum allocation schemes for virtual optical network embedding in elastic optical networks","volume":"29","author":"W. Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optical Fiber Technology"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2020.103428"},{"key":"68","article-title":"TIP summit 2019","author":"Open Networking Foundation (ONF)","year":"2020"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuCNC.2018.8442528"},{"key":"70","article-title":"First demonstration of virtual transport network services with multi-layer protection schemes over flexi-grid optical networks","volume":"20","author":"W. Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Letter"},{"issue":"3","key":"71","first-page":"193","article-title":"Future proof access networks for B2B applications","volume":"38","author":"P. Parol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Informatica"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3378447"},{"key":"73","article-title":"Field trial of an openflow-based unified control plane for multilayer multigranularity optical switching networks","volume":"31","author":"L. Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Lightwave Technology"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/jocn.7.00b222"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jlt.2015.2503434"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1364\/JOCN.7.000974","article-title":"Optimal virtual slice composition toward multitenancy over hybrid OCS\/OPS data center networks","volume":"7","author":"A. Pages","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE\/OSA Journal of Optical Communications and Networking"},{"key":"77","article-title":"Who limits the resource efficiency of my datacenter: an analysis of Alibaba datacenter traces","author":"J. Guo"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jlt.2014.2387058"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13488-8_8","article-title":"Towards an integrated SDN-NFV architecture for EPON networks","volume-title":"Advances in Communication Networking","author":"H. Khalili","year":"2014"},{"key":"80","article-title":"The elasticity and plasticity in semi-containerized co-locating cloud workload: a view from Alibaba trace","author":"Q. Liu"},{"key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/jocn.9.000b43"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"SDN control of disaggregated optical networks with OpenConfig and OpenROADM","author":"R. Casellas","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-38085-4_39"},{"key":"83"},{"key":"84"},{"key":"85","article-title":"Open-source network optimization software in the open SDN\/NFV transport ecosystem","volume":"37","author":"M. Garrich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Lightwave Technology"},{"key":"86","article-title":"OpenConfig","year":"2018"},{"key":"87","article-title":"OpenROADM (ver. 2.2)","year":"2018"},{"key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Automated management and control of a multi-vendor disaggregated network at the L0 layer","author":"O. F. Yilmaz","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2018.Tu3D.9"},{"key":"89","article-title":"Open network operating system (ONOS)","year":"2022"},{"key":"90","article-title":"Open optical & packet transport (OOPT) group","year":"2022"},{"key":"91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2019.W2A.23"},{"key":"92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2818406","article-title":"Multi-vendor experimental validation of an open source QoT estimator for optical networks","volume":"36","author":"M. Filer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Lightwave Technology"},{"key":"93","article-title":"OpenConfig","year":"2022"},{"key":"94","article-title":"OpenROADM (ver. 2.2)","year":"2022"},{"key":"95","volume-title":"Cisco Digital CFP2-DCO Coherent Optical Module Data Sheet","author":"Cisco","year":"2021"},{"key":"96","volume-title":"Elevating Network Agility to a Whole New Level with Sliceable Optics","author":"Infinera","year":"2019"},{"key":"97","article-title":"A Yang data model for impairment-aware WSON optical networks","author":"Y. Lee","year":"2018"},{"key":"98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"ODTN: open disaggregated transport network. Discovery and control of disaggregated optical network through open-source software and open APIs","author":"A. Campanella","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2019.M3Z.4"},{"key":"99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTON.2018.8473937"},{"key":"100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2016.09.007","article-title":"Scalability of ONOS reactive forwarding applications in ISP networks","volume":"102","author":"A. Bianco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computer Communications"},{"key":"101","article-title":"Cassini by TIP","year":"2021"},{"key":"102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/cn.2020.121002"},{"key":"103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"An open controller for disaggregated optical network","author":"M. De Leenheer","DOI":"10.23919\/ONDM.2018.8396136"},{"key":"104","volume-title":"Network Configuration Protocol NETCONF","author":"R. Enns","year":"2011"},{"key":"105","article-title":"Hierarchical CORD for NFV datacenters: resource allocation with cost-latency tradeoff","volume":"32","author":"Y.-D. Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Network"},{"key":"106"},{"key":"107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2017.06.026"},{"key":"108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Metro-haul: SDN control and orchestration of disaggregated optical networks with model-driven development","author":"R. Casellas","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTON.2018.8473858"},{"key":"109","article-title":"Novel optical access network virtualisation and dynamic resource allocation algorithms for the internet of things","author":"J. Wang"},{"key":"110","article-title":"A review of research on software-defined optical network","author":"W. Li"},{"key":"111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2020.M3Z.9"},{"key":"112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ONDM51796.2021.9492503"},{"key":"113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3031988"},{"key":"114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2019.1183"},{"key":"115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTON51198.2020.9203453"},{"key":"116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNP.2016.7785327"},{"key":"117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"ONOS-controlled disaggregated optical networks","author":"A. Giorgetti","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2019.Tu3H.2"},{"key":"118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ONDM48393.2020.9133039"},{"key":"119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/jocn.12.00a171"},{"key":"120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/jocn.12.00a144"},{"key":"121","article-title":"Demonstration of container-based microservices SDN control platform for open optical networks","author":"Q. Pham Van"},{"key":"122","article-title":"Software defined optical networks (SDON): proposed architecture and comparative analysis","author":"R. K. Jha","year":"2019"},{"key":"123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/519\/1\/012013"},{"key":"124","article-title":"Technical challenges and deployment perspectives of SDN based elastic optical networks","author":"J. R. d. A. Amazonas"},{"key":"125","article-title":"Enabling efficient multilayer repair in elastic optical networks by gradually superimposing SDN","author":"J. Blendin"},{"key":"126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DISCOVER.2016.7806260"},{"key":"127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Scalable design of SDN controllers for optical networks using federation-based architectures","author":"J. Santos","DOI":"10.1109\/NOC.2016.7506988"},{"key":"128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2020.04.002"},{"key":"129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Optical layer awareness based multicast optimization scheme in software defined optical networks","author":"L. Zhang","DOI":"10.1109\/EITCE47263.2019.9095174"},{"key":"130","article-title":"Survey on SDN based network intrusion detection system using machine learning approaches","volume":"12","author":"N. Sultana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications"},{"key":"131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.2993556"},{"key":"132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4152"},{"key":"133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-020-03180-7"},{"key":"134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.09.004"},{"key":"135","article-title":"What is software defined networks","author":"SDX Central Studios","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computer Networks and Communications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jcnc\/2022\/5037702.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jcnc\/2022\/5037702.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jcnc\/2022\/5037702.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T18:05:47Z","timestamp":1659636347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jcnc\/2022\/5037702\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"references-count":135,"alternative-id":["5037702","5037702"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/5037702","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-715X","2090-7141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-715X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2090-7141","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]}}}