{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T14:56:02Z","timestamp":1778511362818,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661817600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research and Development Projects in Xingtai, China","award":["2020ZC348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020ZC348"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Adenoid hypertrophy (AH) is a common disease in otorhinolaryngology. Children with chronic snoring and hypoxia are susceptible to long-term nasal obstruction, while long-term open-mouth breathing may cause craniofacial bone development disorders and dull facial expressions, the so-called adenoid face. The purpose of this work is to analyze the influence of AH-induced airway obstruction (AO) on the growth and development of craniomaxillofacial structure and respiratory function (RF) in children. The clinical data of 56 AH children (observation group) and 42 healthy children with physical examination (control group) who visited the Hebei Eye Hospital during the same period were retrospectively analyzed. All children received acoustic rhinometry and X-ray cephalometric measurements. The upper airway structure, sleep disorder score, and<jats:inline-formula><a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><a:mi>A<\/a:mi><a:mo>\/<\/a:mo><a:mi>N<\/a:mi><\/a:math><\/jats:inline-formula>value of nasopharyngeal lateral X-ray images were compared between cases and controls. For AH children, sleep tests were also performed to assess their RF. X-ray cephalometric measurements of facial morphology showed obvious vertical growth, mandibular retrognathia, and enlarged mandibular angle in AH children. AH mainly affects the size of the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal airway. AH children presented with higher nasal airway resistance (<jats:inline-formula><c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><c:mn>5.11<\/c:mn><c:mo>\u00b1<\/c:mo><c:mn>1.95<\/c:mn><\/c:math><\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009cmH2O\/L\u2009min) and lower nasopharyngeal volume (NPV) (<jats:inline-formula><e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><e:mn>16.86<\/e:mn><e:mo>\u00b1<\/e:mo><e:mn>3.93<\/e:mn><\/e:math><\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009cm3) than controls. Of the AH children, 45 had abnormal RF, including 4 with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The<jats:inline-formula><g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><g:mi>A<\/g:mi><g:mo>\/<\/g:mo><g:mi>N<\/g:mi><\/g:math><\/jats:inline-formula>value of nasopharyngeal lateral X-ray images was significantly higher in AH children than in controls. Besides, worse sleep quality was found in AH children. The above differences were all of statistical significance. The above indicates that AH can affect the size of the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal airway, change children\u2019s respiratory mode and RF, increase nasal resistance, and decrease NPV, resulting in upper respiratory tract stenosis, as well as craniomaxillofacial and oral malformations, which affects children\u2019s normal growth and development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5096406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T02:50:09Z","timestamp":1661914209000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Influences of Airway Obstruction Caused by Adenoid Hypertrophy on Growth and Development of Craniomaxillofacial Structure and Respiratory Function in Children"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1104-6242","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Huina","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Xingtai People\u2019s Hospital, Xingtai, 054001 Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontic, Hebei Eye Hospital, Xingtai, 054001 Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hengrui","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Xingtai People\u2019s Hospital, Xingtai, 054001 Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Xingtai People\u2019s Hospital, Xingtai, 054001 Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongya","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Hebei Eye Hospital, Xingtai, 054001 Hebei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2014.10.025"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2017.11.011"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2018.02.030"},{"issue":"4","key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.70252\/EHDR7442","article-title":"Effects of nasal or oral breathing on anaerobic power output and metabolic responses","volume":"10","author":"C. 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