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The present study was therefore designed to explore whether the implementation of an alpha training protocol with a portable neurofeedback apparatus would achieve improvements in tinnitus patient symptoms. In this study, 38 tinnitus patients underwent NFB training while 18 were enrolled in a control group. The study was single-blinded such that only participants were not aware of their group assignments. Those in the NFB group underwent 15 NFB training sessions over 5 weeks, in addition to pre- and posttraining tests including the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire (THQ), visual analog scales (VAS), electroencephalography (EEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Our result find that when the THI, THQ, and VAS scores of patients in the two groups were assessed after a 5-week training period, these scores were unchanged in control patients whereas they had significantly improved in the NFB group patients. EEG analyses revealed that the alpha band was increased in the occipital lobe following NFB treatment, while fMRI indicated an increase in regional homogeneity (ReHo) in the right frontal lobe of patients in the NFB group after treatment that was negatively correlated with THI and VAS scores. The results of this analysis indicate that alpha NFB training can be effectively used to reduce tinnitus-related distress and sound perception in patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5114721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T05:05:05Z","timestamp":1666155905000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Self-Directed Neurofeedback Treatment for Subjective Tinnitus Patients Evaluated by Multimodal Functional Imaging"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0344-7652","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Shanxi, China"},{"name":"Senior Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases, Beijing, China"},{"name":"State Key Lab of Hearing Science, Ministry of Education, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases, Beijing, China"},{"name":"State Key Lab of Hearing Science, Ministry of Education, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases, Beijing, China"},{"name":"State Key Lab of Hearing Science, Ministry of Education, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weidong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases, Beijing, China"},{"name":"State Key Lab of Hearing Science, Ministry of Education, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7808-2566","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shiming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases, Beijing, China"},{"name":"State Key Lab of Hearing Science, Ministry of Education, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2004.08.010"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5503.439"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.03.021"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(02)00160-3"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2011.575178"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959259809002883"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000066156"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2006.09.003"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.17.10340"},{"key":"10","first-page":"37","article-title":"The role of neural plasticity in tinnitus","volume-title":"Progress in Brain Research","author":"A. 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