{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T13:20:35Z","timestamp":1753881635844,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]],"date-time":"2022-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":147,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology and Atomic Energy Council of Taiwan","award":["AEC 11012048 L","MOST 109-2314-B-010-026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AEC 11012048 L","MOST 109-2314-B-010-026"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study combined the use of radiation dosimeteric measurements and a custom\u2010made anthropomorphic phantom in order to evaluate the accuracy of therapeutic dose calculations at the nasopharyngeal air\u2010tissue interface. The doses at the nasopharyngeal air\u2010tissue interface obtained utilizing the Pinnacle and TomoTherapy TPS, which are based on collapsed cone convolution superposition (CCCS) algorithms, were evaluated and measured under single 10 \u00d7 10\u2009cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, 2 \u00d7 2\u2009cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, two parallel opposed 2 \u00d7 2\u2009cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and clinical fields for early stage of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by using EBT3, GR\u2010200F, and TLD 100. At the air\u2010tissue interface under a 10 \u00d7 10\u2009cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> field, the TPS dose calculation values were in good agreement with the dosimeter measurement with all differences within 3.5%. When measured the single field 2 \u00d7 2\u2009cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, the differences between the average dose were measured at the distal interface for EBT3, GR\u2010200F, and TLD\u2010100 and the calculation values were \u201015.8%, \u201016.4%, and \u20104.9%, respectively. When using the clinical techniques such as IMRT, VMAT, and tomotherapy, the measurement results at the interface for all three techniques did not imply under dose. Small\u2010field sizes will lead to dose overestimation at the nasopharyngeal air\u2010tissue interface due to electronic disequilibrium when using CCCS algorithms. However, under clinical applications of multiangle irradiation, the dose errors caused by this effect were not significant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5227609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T03:50:09Z","timestamp":1653796209000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Accuracy Evaluation of Collapsed Cone Convolution Superposition Algorithms for the Nasopharynx Interface in the Early Stage of Nasopharyngeal 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