{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T21:48:07Z","timestamp":1757627287516,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>IoT devices deployed in Smart Cities usually have significant resource limitations. For this reason, offload tasks or data to other layers such as fog or cloud is regularly adopted to smooth out this issue. Although data offloading is a well\u2010known aspect of fog computing, the specification of offloading policies is still an open issue due to the lack of clear guidelines. Therefore, we propose OffFog\u2014an approach to guide the definition of data offloading policies in the context of fog computing. In order to evaluate OffFog, we extended the well\u2010known simulator <jats:italic>iFogSim<\/jats:italic> and conducted an experimental study based on an urban surveillance system. The results demonstrated the benefits of implementing data offloading based on OffFog recommended policies. Furthermore, we identified the best configuration involving design decisions such as data compression, data criticality, and storage thresholds. The best configuration produced at least 76% improvement in network latency and 5% in the average execution time compared to the <jats:italic>iFogSim<\/jats:italic> default strategy. We believe these results represent a significant step towards establishing a systematic decision framework for data offloading policies in the context of fog computing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5331712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T16:35:06Z","timestamp":1641314106000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["OffFog: An Approach to Support the Definition of Offloading Policies on Fog Computing"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3917-1865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e1vio","family":"Melo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6814-8798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7713-685X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00edcero","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5514-0770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6950-8169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gibeon","family":"Aquino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3057266"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-019-02208-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AzimiI. AnzanpourA. RahmaniA. M. LiljebergP. andSalakoskiT. Medical warning system based on internet of things using fog computing 2016 International Workshop on Big Data and Information Security (IWBIS) 2016 Jakarta Indonesia 19\u201324.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWBIS.2016.7872884"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BrambillaG. PiconeM. CiraniS. AmorettiM. andZanichelliF. A simulation platform for largescale internet of things scenarios in urban environments Proceedings of the First International Conference on IoT in Urban Space 2014 Rome Italy 50\u201355.","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.urb-iot.2014.257268"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.04.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MeloS. SilvaC. andAquinoG. Classification aspects of the data offloading process applied to fog computing International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications 2021 Cagliari Italy 340\u2013353.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-87013-3_26"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.2509"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NaasM. ParvedyP. BoukhobzaJ. andLemarchandL. IFogStor: an IoT data placement strategy for fog infrastructure 2017 IEEE 1st International Conference on Fog and Edge Computing ICFEC 2017 2017 Madrid Spain 97\u2013104 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICFEC.2017.15 2-s2.0-85030320980.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFEC.2017.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.04.036"},{"volume-title":"A Fog Computing-Based Software Architecture for Patient-Centered Management of Medical Records","year":"2020","author":"Silva C. A.","key":"e_1_2_11_10_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SilvaC. A.andAquinoG. S.Jr. Fog computing in healthcare: a review 2018 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC) 2018 Natal Brazil 1126\u20131131.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC.2018.8538671"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1968960"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2019.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11020034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ShanY. WangH. CaoZ. andYuryK. Data offloading in heterogeneous dynamic fog computing network: a contextual bandit approach 2021 3rd International Conference on Computer Communication and the Internet (ICCCI) 2021 Nagoya Japan 73\u201377.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCI51764.2021.9486800"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HeS. ChengB. WangH. XiaoX. CaoY. andChenJ. Data security storage model for fog computing in large-scale iot application IEEE INFOCOM 2018-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS) 2018 Honolulu HI USA 39\u201344.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOMW.2018.8406927"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","unstructured":"VermaS. YadavA. K. MotwaniD. RawR. andSinghH. K. An efficient data replication and load balancing technique for fog computing environment 2016 3rd International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom) 2016 New Delhi India 2888\u20132895."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MukherjeeM. KumarV. KumarS. MatamyR. MavromoustakisC. X. ZhangQ. ShojafarM. andMastorakisG. Computation offloading strategy in heterogeneous fog computing with energy and delay constraints ICC 2020-2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) 2020 Dublin Ireland 1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC40277.2020.9148852"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2017.8233651"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","first-page":"3571","article-title":"Offloading in mobile edge computing: task allocation and computational frequency scaling","volume":"65","author":"Dinh T. Q.","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13101889"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi12050089"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LopesM. M. HigashinoW. A. CapretzM. A. andBittencourtL. F. Myifogsim: a simulator for virtual machine migration in fog computing Companion Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing 2017 Austin Texas USA 47\u201352.","DOI":"10.1145\/3147234.3148101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NaasM. BoukhobzaJ. Raipin ParvedyP. andLemarchandL. An extension to ifogsim to enable the design of data placement strategies 2018 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Fog and Edge Computing (ICFEC) 2018 Washington DC USA 1\u20138 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CFEC.2018.8358724 2-s2.0-85048123890.","DOI":"10.1109\/CFEC.2018.8358724"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2019.102062","article-title":"Mobfogsim: simulation of mobility and migration for fog computing","volume":"101","author":"Puliafito C.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MohanN.andKangasharjuJ. Edge-fog cloud: a distributed cloud for internet of things computations 2016 Cloudification of the Internet of Things (CIoT) 2016 Paris France 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIOT.2016.7872914"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2012.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LeeK. KimD. HaD. RajputU. andOhH. On security and privacy issues of fog computing supported internet of things environment 2015 6th International Conference on the Network of the Future (NOF) 2015 Montreal QC Canada 1\u20133.","DOI":"10.1109\/NOF.2015.7333287"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700322"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2019.04.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7597686"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_2","unstructured":"SilvaC. A. de Aquino J\u00faniorG. S. andMeloS. R. M. A blockchain-based approach for privacy control of patient\u2019s medical records in the fog layer Anais Principais do XXV Simp\u00f3sio Brasileiro de Multim\u00eddia e Web 2019 Porto Alegre RS Brasil 133\u2013136 https:\/\/sol.sbc.org.br\/index.php\/webmedia\/article\/view\/8011."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BonomiF. MilitoR. ZhuJ. andAddepalliS. Fog computing and its role in the internet of things Proceedings of the first edition of the MCC workshop on Mobile cloud computing 2012 Helsinki Finland 13\u201316.","DOI":"10.1145\/2342509.2342513"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2019.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KuoP. H. MouradA. LuC. BergM. DuquennoyS. ChenY. Y. HsuY. H. ZabalaA. FerrariR. GonzalezS. andLiC. Y. An integrated edge and fog system for future communication networks 2018 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW) 2018 Barcelona Spain 338\u2013343.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNCW.2018.8369023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EstevesS. SilvaJ. andVeigaL. Quality-of-service for consistency of data geo-replication in cloud computing European Conference on Parallel Processing 2012 Rhodes Island Greece 285\u2013297.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-32820-6_29"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5861-5_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ShiH. ChenN. andDetersR. Combining mobile and fog computing: using coap to link mobile device clouds with fog computing 2015 IEEE International Conference on Data Science and Data Intensive Systems 2015 Sydney NSW Australia 564\u2013571.","DOI":"10.1109\/DSDIS.2015.115"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LeeW. NamK. RohH.-G. andKimS.-H. A gateway based fog computing architecture for wireless sensors and actuator networks 2016 18th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT) 2016 PyeongChang Korea (South) 210\u2013213.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACT.2016.7423332"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GiangN. K. BlackstockM. LeaR. andLeungV. C. Developing iot applications in the fog: a distributed dataflow approach 2015 5th International Conference on the Internet of Things (IOT) 2015 Seoul Korea (South) 155\u2013162.","DOI":"10.1109\/IOT.2015.7356560"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_2","unstructured":"MaksimovicM. Improving computing issues in internet of things driven e-health systems Proceedings of the International Conference for Young Researchers in Informatics Mathematics and Engineering\u201917 2017 Kaunas Lithuania 14\u201317."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EnzaiN. I. M.andTangM. A taxonomy of computation offloading in mobile cloud computing 2014 2nd IEEE international conference on mobile cloud computing Services and Engineering 2014 Oxford UK 19\u201328.","DOI":"10.1109\/MobileCloud.2014.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IntharawijitrK. IidaK. andKogaH. Analysis of fog model considering computing and communication latency in 5g cellular networks 2016 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communication Workshops (Per Com Workshops) 2016 Sydney NSW Australia 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1109\/PERCOMW.2016.7457059"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GomesF. A. VianaW. RochaL. S. andTrintaF. A contextual data offloading service with privacy support Proceedings of the 22nd Brazilian Symposium on Multimedia and the Web 2016 Teresina Piau\u00ed Brazil 23\u201330.","DOI":"10.1145\/2976796.2976860"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SilvaD. V. Gon\u00e7alvesT. G. andTravassosG. H. A technology to support the building of requirements documents for iot software systems 19th Brazilian Symposium on Software Quality 2020 S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds Brazil 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1145\/3439961.3439965"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-24907-6_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2749422"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.4474"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_2","unstructured":"DelawareU. O. Understanding Data Criticality 2018 http:\/\/www1.udel.edu\/security\/data\/criticality.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2017.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DubeyH. YangJ. ConstantN. AmiriA. M. YangQ. andMakodiyaK. Fog data: enhancing telehealth big data through fog computing Proceedings of the ASE bigdata & socialinformatics 2015 2015 Kaohsiung Taiwan 1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1145\/2818869.2818889"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HongK. LillethunD. RamachandranU. Ottenw\u00e4lderB. andKoldehofeB. Mobile fog: a programming model for large-scale applications on the internet of things Proceedings of the second ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Mobile cloud computing 2013 Hong Kong China 15\u201320.","DOI":"10.1145\/2491266.2491270"}],"container-title":["Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/wcmc\/2022\/5331712.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/wcmc\/2022\/5331712.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2022\/5331712","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T01:37:54Z","timestamp":1757468274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2022\/5331712"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2022\/5331712"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/5331712","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-8669","1530-8677"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1530-8669"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1530-8677"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-07-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-12-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-01-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"5331712"}}