{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T05:13:15Z","timestamp":1778562795454,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":48,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Clinical Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. Epidemiological studies have reported inconsistent associations between opium use and cancer risk. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis to investigate the relationship between opium use and cancer risk. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. We searched PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar until February 2021 and references of retrieved relevant articles for observational studies that reported the risk of cancer in relation to opium use. Random\u2010effects models were used to calculate pooled effect sizes (ESs) as well as 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between opium use and cancer risk by considering opium doses and types, duration of consumption, and routes of opium use. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. In total, 21 observational articles, with a total sample size of 64,412 individuals and 6,658 cases of cancer, were included in this systematic review and meta\u2010analysis. Ever opium users, compared with never opium users, had 3.53 times greater risk of overall cancer (pooled ES: 3.53, 95% CI: 2.60\u20134.79, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.01). This positive association was also seen for some individual types of cancers except for esophageal and colon cancers. Also, we found that higher opium doses and higher duration of consumption were associated with an increased risk of overall and individual types of cancer. However, the associations between opium doses and the risk of head and neck and larynx cancers were not significant. In terms of the routes of opium use, both opium ingestion and smoking were positively associated with the risk of cancer. Regarding opium types, we found that using teriak, but not shireh, could increase the risk of cancer. <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>. Our findings showed that opium use, particularly in the form of teriak, is a risk factor for cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5397449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T19:50:09Z","timestamp":1645213809000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Opium Use and Cancer Risk: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis of Observational Studies"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6169-4059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masoume","family":"Mansouri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6226-7403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sina","family":"Naghshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1928-5424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahbobeh","family":"Parsaeian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3669-5129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadaf","family":"G Sepanlou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4566-3628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Poustchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6143-4350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Momayez Sanat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1029-1652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omid","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7950-3983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akram","family":"Pourshams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","first-page":"101","article-title":"Medicinal aspects of opium as described in Avicenna\u2019s Canon of Medicine","volume":"11","author":"Heydari M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Medico-Historica Adriatica: AMHA"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(13)70550-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","first-page":"59","article-title":"The latest statistical report of the global synthetic drugs","volume":"6","author":"Ravisankar P.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2009.02.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27780"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2020.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2011.00680.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","first-page":"567","article-title":"Opium as a risk factor for bladder cancer: a population-based case-control study in Iran","volume":"18","author":"Akbari M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Archives of Iranian Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31557\/apjcp.2020.21.3.783"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"Opium addiction and risk of laryngeal and esophageal carcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Bakhshaee M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iranian journal of otorhinolaryngology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2278-330x.173174"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2008.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ijcm.8227"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","first-page":"98","article-title":"The effect of smoking and opium on bladder cancer in yazd province: a case-control study","volume":"5","author":"Lotfi M. 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