{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T11:54:19Z","timestamp":1778500459738,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":219,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFD0502200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFD0502200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFD0501205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFD0501205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic disease represented by insulin\u2010causing pancreatic <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2010cell disruption and hyperglycemia. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a variety of animal models of diabetes to study the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of it. However, there are few reports on the use of beagle dogs to establish an animal model of type 1 diabetes. This study aimed to explore a simple and feasible modeling method to establish a long\u2010term and stable type 1 diabetes model in beagle dogs. Forty adult beagle dogs were randomly divided into control group and model group. After 24\u2009h of fasting, streptozotocin (20\u2009mg\/kg) and alloxan (20\u2009mg\/kg) were injected through the cephalic vein. The second intravenous injection was given on the 4th day after the first injection. Insulin release testing was performed on the 7th day after the last intravenous injection. Fasting blood glucose and body weight were recorded monthly. Four months after the last injection, the serum fructosamine content and the ratio of glycated hemoglobin were detected. Then, the pancreatic tissue was harvested for histopathological examination. The results showed that the level of fasting blood glucose of the 16 dogs in the model group was consistently higher than 11.1\u2009mmol\/L for 4 consecutive months. Moreover, compared with the control group, the insulin release curve of the model group was flat with no increase. The body weight of the model group was significantly reduced, and the ratios of blood glucose, fructosamine, and glycosylated hemoglobin were significantly higher than those in the control group. Meanwhile, histopathological examination of the pancreas showed that the islet beta cells appeared to have vacuoles or even necrosis. In the model group, pancreatic <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2010cells were damaged and insulin release was reduced. These results suggest that the above modeling methods can induce long\u2010term and stable type 1 diabetes models in beagle dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5422287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T05:20:05Z","timestamp":1660022405000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Repeated Low\u2010Dose Streptozotocin and Alloxan Induced Long\u2010Term and Stable Type 1 Diabetes Model in Beagle Dogs"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"given":"Qingyue","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenting","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuman","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuzhou","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianjia","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuilian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quanwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4663-0641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaoxin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.161"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-1551"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0417"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-1921-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.18-0163"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","first-page":"295","article-title":"Chemically induced (streptozotocin-alloxan) diabetes mellitus in the dog. 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E.","year":"1980","journal-title":"The American Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02627734"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.31.1.S26"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01851264"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.04.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","article-title":"The mechanism of alloxan and streptozotocin action in B cells of the rat pancreas","volume":"50","author":"Szkudelski T.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiological Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0886-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.74.6.2485"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","first-page":"485","article-title":"Drugs producing diabetes through damage of the insulin secreting cells","volume":"22","author":"Rerup C. 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