{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:23:26Z","timestamp":1777591406444,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655164800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004748","name":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["991660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["991660"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004748","name":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["991593"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["991593"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004748","name":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["990961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["990961"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives. The immune system plays a critical defence role against infections, injuries, and carcinogenic stimuli. As the macrophages of the brain resides in the innate immune system, microglia and their polarisation (M1\/M2) play regulatory roles in inflammation in CNS, such as Parkinson\u2019s, Alzheimer\u2019s, dementia complex, and multiple sclerosis. Nigella sativa belongs to the Ranunculaceae family and has different anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. We conducted this study to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and protective properties of N. sativa oil (NSO) on the microglial cells and their polarisation (M1\/M2) in the presence of LPS as a model of neuroinflammation. Methods. The protective effects of NSO (10\u201340\u2009\u00b5g\/ml) were studied on the LPS-induced microglial cells, and the levels of tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), IL-6, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and IL-10 were evaluated using both ELISA and gene expression methods. The levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible NOS (iNOS), and arginase-1 (Arg1) were also evaluated using the real-time PCR method. In addition, nitrite oxide (NO) and urea were measured using biochemical methods. Results. NSO decreased LPS-induced toxicity at all doses (<jats:inline-formula><a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><a:mi>P<\/a:mi><\/a:math><\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). NSO (10\u201340\u2009\u03bcg\/ml) also significantly reduced the levels of TNF-\u03b1, PGE2, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6 in the presence of LPS (<jats:inline-formula><c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><c:mi>P<\/c:mi><\/c:math><\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01 to 0.001). Pretreatment with NSO attenuated the levels of iNOS but increased Arg1 (<jats:inline-formula><e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><e:mi>P<\/e:mi><\/e:math><\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The ratio of iNOS\/Arg1 was also decreased in the presence of NSO (<jats:inline-formula><g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><g:mi>P<\/g:mi><\/g:math><\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) than that of the LPS group (<jats:inline-formula><i:math xmlns:i=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><i:mi>P<\/i:mi><\/i:math><\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Conclusion. NSO attenuated LPS-induced inflammation and increased microglia\u2019s anti-inflammatory status. These results may prove that NSO is potentially an immunomodulator for various neurodegenerative diseases by M1 phenotype dominancy, such as Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5639226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T23:20:55Z","timestamp":1655248855000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Nigella sativa Oil Reduces LPS-Induced Microglial Inflammation: An Evaluation on M1\/M2 Balance"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"given":"Azar","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vafa","family":"Baradaran Rahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Rakhshandeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9268-6270","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vahid Reza","family":"Askari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.10.082","article-title":"The influence of hydro-ethanolic extract of Portulaca oleracea L. on Th1\/Th2 balance in isolated human lymphocytes","volume":"194","author":"V. 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