{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T21:51:00Z","timestamp":1784411460221,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657756800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Partnership for Skills in Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology-Regional Scholarship Innovative Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) affects livestock productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to determine cattle AAT\u2019s prevalence and associated risk factors in Lambwe Valley, Kenya. Methods. In a cross-sectional survey, livestock owners were recruited from four villages of Lambwe in Homa Bay, Kenya. Blood samples were collected from the jugular veins of cattle, and buffy coat smears were examined under a microscope. Parasites were further detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using a semistructured questionnaire, livestock owners were interviewed on their knowledge of AAT and control practices. Chi-square and multilevel models were used for the analysis. Results. The overall prevalence was 15.63% (71\/454). Trypanosoma vivax 10.31% and T. congolense Savannah 6.01% were the common species and subspecies. A total of 61 livestock keepers were involved in the study. Of these, 91.80% (56\/61) knew AAT, and 90.16% (55\/61) could describe the symptoms well and knew tsetse fly bite as transmission mode. Self-treatment (54.09%; 33\/61) was common, with up to 50.00% of the farmers using drugs frequently. Isometamidium (72.13%; 44\/61) and diminazene (54.09%; 33\/61) were drugs frequently used. Although 16.39% (10\/61) of the farmers claimed to use chemoprophylactic treatment, 6\/10 did not use the right drugs. Animals (92.1%; 58\/63) with clinical signs had positive infections. Villages closer to the national park recorded a higher prevalence. Infections were higher in cattle owned by those self-treating (27.23%; 58\/213), those using drug treatment without vector control (27.62%; 50\/181), those using single-drug therapy, and those practicing communal grazing (20.00%; 59\/295). Clinical signs strongly associate with positive infections under multilevel modeling. Conclusion. Cattle trypanosomiasis is prevalent in the Lambwe region of Kenya. This is influenced by inappropriate control practices, communal grazing, and the proximity of farms to the national park. In addition, clinical signs of the disease have a strong association with infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5984376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T22:50:16Z","timestamp":1657839016000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of African Animal Trypanosomiasis in Cattle in Lambwe, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2094-5621","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ivy","family":"Okello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in East and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania"},{"name":"Kenya Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Council, P.O. Box 66290-00800, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliakunda","family":"Mafie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9683-0353","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gillian","family":"Eastwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4719-7459","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jahashi","family":"Nzalawahe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3019, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5746-3776","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Leonard E. G.","family":"Mboera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals in East and Southern Africa, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8047-1870","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samuel","family":"Onyoyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-521X(98)00086-9"},{"key":"2","volume-title":"The Trypanosomiases;Economics of African Trypanosomiasis","author":"A. Shaw","year":"2004"},{"key":"3","volume-title":"The State of Food Insecurity in the World(SOFI)","author":"FAO 2004","year":"2004"},{"key":"4","volume-title":"Geospatial Datasets and Analyses for an Environmental Approach to African Trypanosomiasis","author":"G. Cecchi","year":"2009"},{"key":"5","article-title":"Prevalence of different trypanosomes in livestock in Blue Nile and West Kordofan States, Sudan","volume":"203, article 105302","author":"E. Mossaad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001268"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.03.002"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.04.005"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(97)00154-9"},{"key":"10","first-page":"1","article-title":"African animal trypanosomiasis; world animal review","author":"P. Fineile","year":"1983","journal-title":"World Animal Review"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-322"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-74"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-015-0840-5"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.07.004"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.10.015"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.04.007"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-316"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-31"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/ajb12.2134"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(96)00643-2"},{"key":"21","volume-title":"Epidemiology and Importance of Trypanosomosis, Helminthosis and Tick-Borne Diseases on the Performance of Cattle in Busia District","author":"S. M. Karanja","year":"2006"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00554"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-3-6"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-1-46"},{"key":"25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human and animal trypanosomiasis in Lambwe Valley Foci, Kenya \u2013 current situation and latent trypanotolerance","volume":"3","author":"G. Magak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-020-05077-3"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.10.020"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(00)01828-6"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2012.07.026"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3920\/978-90-8686-863-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"31","first-page":"29","article-title":"Resistance to trypanocidal drugs--suggestions from field survey on drug use in Kwale district, Kenya","volume":"70","author":"G. L. Mugunieri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.02.003"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2017.02.002"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.33.3.2320"},{"key":"35","article-title":"County government of Homa bay \u2018 a county of choice \u2019 First county Intergrated Development Plan","author":"County government of Homa Bay"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-122"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20431\/2349-0365.0708002"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23937\/2474-3658\/1510078"},{"key":"39","volume-title":"Prevalence of Animal African Trypanosomiasis and Associated Risk Factors among Zebu Cattle in Nwoya District","author":"D. B. Okot","year":"2019"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2411-2"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2017.03.004"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000941"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1996.11813021"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(03)00034-5"},{"key":"45","volume-title":"Veterinary Epidemiology","author":"M. Thrusfield","year":"2005","edition":"3rd"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(96)01108-7","article-title":"Preventive Veterinary Medicine Elsevier Intra-cluster correlation coefficients of 20 infections calculated from the results of cluster-sample surveys","volume":"9","author":"M. J. Otte","year":"1997","journal-title":"Preventive Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/157075610X491653"},{"issue":"4","key":"48","first-page":"330","article-title":"Study on the prevalence of major trypanosomes affecting bovine in tsetse infested Asosa District of Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"S. Mulaw","year":"2011","journal-title":"Global Veterinaria"},{"issue":"8","key":"49","first-page":"72","article-title":"A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of bovine Trypanosomosis in Amhara region, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"24","author":"M. Ayana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Livestock Research for Rural Development"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02717.x"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3984-8"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-004-1267-5"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-1348(02)00028-X"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(92)90047-O"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00128325.1968.11665331"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/16-33"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-239"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12236"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojvm.2014.412038"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-19"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v81i4.151"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1260-0"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4204(99)80021-3"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300040876"},{"issue":"2","key":"65","first-page":"103","article-title":"The parasitological and serological prevalence of tsetse-transmitted bovine trypanosomosis in the eastern Caprivi (Caprivi District, Namibia)","volume":"66","author":"P. Van den Bossche","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00115"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.1998.00131.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"68","first-page":"103","article-title":"Mechanical transmission of Trypanosoma spp. by African Stomoxyinae (Diptera: Muscidae)","volume":"46","author":"S. Mihok","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.02.008"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00609-4"},{"key":"71","first-page":"1","article-title":"KARI E-Mifugo (Livestock) Clinic","author":"Kari E-Mifugo, Cattle","year":"2014"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2544-3"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.616865"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008288"}],"container-title":["Journal of Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jpr\/2022\/5984376.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jpr\/2022\/5984376.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jpr\/2022\/5984376.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T22:50:32Z","timestamp":1657839032000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jpr\/2022\/5984376\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 F.","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["5984376","5984376"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/5984376","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-0031","2090-0023"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-0031","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2090-0023","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]}}}