{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T22:08:25Z","timestamp":1787695705021,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653436800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Objectives. Lophomonas protozoan is an emerging pathogen transmitted through arthropods such as cockroaches. Lophomoniasis is still a mysterious disease with many unknown epidemiological aspects. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of lophomoniasis among patients who were hospitalized in Hajar Hospital, Shahrekord, southwestern Iran, using a conventional PCR technique. Methods. In this retrospective study, 132 frozen bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) specimens from patients with respiratory disorders hospitalized in Hajar Hospital, Shahrekord district, southwestern Iran, were analyzed during 2020-2021. Samples are referred to the Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis (INRCL), Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran, for detecting Lophomonas spp. infection by a conventionally small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) PCR test. Results. A total of 132 frozen BALF specimens were examined, 36 (27.3%) tested Lophomonas spp. positive using the conventional PCR technique. Also, based on sequencing data and blast analysis, the presence of L. blattarum species was confirmed. The average age of Lophomonas spp.\u2010 positive patients was 67.02\u2009\u00b1\u200915.14 years. Out of the 36 positive subjects, 63.9% were male and 36.1% female. Male and Lophomonas infection had a significant correlation (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>p<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>=<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>0.001<\/a:mn>\n                      <\/a:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ). Our findings revealed that L. blattarum infected nonsmokers more than smokers (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mi>p<\/c:mi>\n                        <c:mo>=<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>0.001<\/c:mn>\n                      <\/c:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ). The most common underlying disease was also bronchitis Conclusion. Our results showed, for the first time, that pulmonary lophomoniasis caused by L. blattarum is a common and emerging disease in the study area, southwestern Iran. Furthermore, our findings support the use of the PCR test to detect Lophomonas infection in archived frozen clinical samples.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6292823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T19:20:23Z","timestamp":1653506423000},"page":"1-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Molecular Evidence of Emerged Pulmonary Lophomoniasis due to Lophomonas blattarum among Hospitalized Patients in Southwestern Iran: A National Registry-Based Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9784-774X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kobra","family":"Mokhtarian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7096-1251","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simin","family":"Taghipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3565-8446","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maryam","family":"Nakhaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis (INRCL), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9499-9593","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amirmasoud","family":"Taheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis (INRCL), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9637-9905","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ali","family":"Sharifpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis (INRCL), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"},{"name":"Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4690-6938","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Fakhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis (INRCL), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3774-310X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hajar","family":"Ziaei Hezarjaribi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis (INRCL), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2014.52.5.521"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.18.1.128-132.2005"},{"key":"3","first-page":"129","article-title":"Mechanical transmission of pathogenic organisms: the role of cockroaches","volume":"42","author":"Y. M. Tatfeng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Vector Borne Diseases"},{"key":"4","volume-title":"Lophomonas and Lophomoniasis: Biology, Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment","author":"M. Fakhar","year":"2021","edition":"1st"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-019-00084-2"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3155845"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-021-00422-3"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-021-01381-2"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcr2.908"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-2113.192867"},{"key":"11","first-page":"28","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary Lophomonas blattarum infection: a case report","volume":"11","author":"S. X. Chen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.4103\/lungindia.lungindia_696_20","article-title":"Lophomonas isolation in sputum sample at Peru","volume":"38","author":"J. 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