{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:17:28Z","timestamp":1789535848696,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644364800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004366","name":"Tabriz University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#69028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#69028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is an important primary glomerular disease characterized by severe proteinuria. Evidence supports a role for T cell dysfunction in the pathogenesis of INS. Glucocorticoids are the primary therapy for INS; however, steroid-resistant NS (SRNS) patients are at a higher risk of drug-induced side effects and harbor poor prognosis. Although the exact mechanism of the resistance is unknown, the imbalances of T helper subtype 1 (Th1), Th2, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) and their cytokines may be involved in the pathogenesis of glucocorticoid responsiveness. Up to now, no confirmed biomarkers have been able to predict SRNS; however, a panel of cytokines may predict responsiveness and identify SRNS patients. Thus, the introduction of distinctive cytokines as novel biomarkers of SRNS enables both preventions of drug-related toxicity and earlier switch to more effective therapies. This review highlights the impacts of T cell population imbalances and their downstream cytokines on response to glucocorticoid responsiveness state in INS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6499668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T18:35:09Z","timestamp":1644431709000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Role of Cytokines in Nephrotic Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7230-0489","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elham","family":"Ahmadian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3295-404X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yalda","family":"Rahbar Saadat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaheh","family":"Dalir Abdolahinia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milad","family":"Bastami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammadali M.","family":"Shoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Academy of Teaching and Learning, Ross University School of Medicine, Miramar, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0179-4562","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sepideh","family":"Zununi Vahed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6851-5460","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Ardalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-019-03147-y"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03800609"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfaa247"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00392.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"5","first-page":"289","article-title":"T-Lymphocyte populations, cytokines and other growth factors in serum and urine of children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"47","author":"V. 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