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Nevertheless, the limited battery power of the sensor nodes is rapidly drained when they stay awake for an extended period. Research has shown that significant sources of energy dissipation of sensor nodes are idle listening, packet collision, control overhead, and overhearing. One optimal solution is employing a low duty cycle mac protocol, particularly the sensor mac (SMAC) protocol. It is essential to have a detailed knowledge of the challenges identified in SMAC and solutions suggested to mitigate these challenges and the future directions. In this paper, we review techniques in SMAC protocols implemented in WSNS. In particular, we provide highlights of recent developments in the schemes used in SMAC for mitigating the challenges in SMAC and present research gaps in SMAC protocol. Finally, we discuss open issues that need to be addressed to advance the design and implementation of SMAC in WSN applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6707413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T03:05:16Z","timestamp":1664247916000},"page":"1-29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["SMAC-Based WSN Protocol-Current State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6885-9853","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Angelina Ankah","family":"Amengu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4871-9458","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jamal-Deen","family":"Abdulai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2596-9478","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ferdinand Apietu","family":"Katsriku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0677-6523","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kofi Sarpong","family":"Adu-Manu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17148\/ijarcce.2018.71124"},{"key":"2","article-title":"Internet of things: wireless sensor networks","volume":"16","author":"S. 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