{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T22:13:11Z","timestamp":1778019191407,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":349,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC2765943"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC2765943"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. A plethora of inflammatory, angiogenic, and tissue remodeling factors has been reported in idiopathic epiretinal membranes (ERMs). Herein we focused on the expression of a few mediators (oxidative, inflammatory, and angiogenic\/vascular factors) by means of short\u2010term vitreal cell cultures and biomolecular analysis. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. Thirty\u2010nine (39) ERMs and vitreal samples were collected at the time of vitreoretinal surgery and biomolecular analyses were performed in clear vitreous, vitreal cell pellets, and ERMs. ROS products and iNOS were investigated in adherent vitreal cells and\/or ERMs, and iNOS, VEGF, Ang\u20102, IFN<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>, IL18, and IL22 were quantified in vitreous (ELISA\/Ella, IF\/WB); transcripts specific for <jats:italic>iNOS<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>p65NFkB<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>KEAP1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>NRF2<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>NOX1\/NOX4<\/jats:italic> were detected in ERMs (PCR). Biomolecular changes were analyzed and correlated with disease severity. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. The higher ROS production was observed in vitreal cells at stage 4, and iNOS was found in ERMs and increased in the vitreous as early as at stage 3. Both <jats:italic>iNOS<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>NOX4<\/jats:italic> were upregulated at all stages, while <jats:italic>p65NFkB<\/jats:italic> was increased at stage 3. <jats:italic>iNOS<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>NOX1<\/jats:italic> were positively and inversely related with <jats:italic>p65NFkB<\/jats:italic>. While <jats:italic>NOX4<\/jats:italic> transcripts were always upregulated, <jats:italic>NRF2<\/jats:italic> was upregulated at stage 3 and inverted at stage 4. No significant changes occurred in the release of angiogenic (VEGF, Ang\u20102) and proinflammatory (IL18, IL22 and IFN<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>) mediators between all stages investigated. <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>. ROS production was strictly associated with <jats:italic>iNOS<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>NOX4<\/jats:italic> overexpression and increased depending on ERM stadiation. The higher <jats:italic>iNOS<\/jats:italic> expression occurred as early as stage 3, with respect to <jats:italic>p65NFkB<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>NRF2<\/jats:italic>. These last mediators might have potential prognostic values in ERMs as representative of an underneath retinal damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7497816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,17]],"date-time":"2022-12-17T01:20:12Z","timestamp":1671240012000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Short\u2010Term <i>In Vitro<\/i> ROS Detection and Oxidative Stress Regulators in Epiretinal Membranes and Vitreous from Idiopathic Vitreoretinal Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2254-1647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bijorn Omar","family":"Balzamino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Dinice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Cacciamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnese","family":"Re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Scarinci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Cosimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9375-6071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Micera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2015.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181ef8786"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","first-page":"1794","article-title":"Cell proliferation in human epiretinal membranes: characterization of cell types and correlation with disease condition and duration","volume":"17","author":"Oberstein S. 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