{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T18:18:01Z","timestamp":1781979481524,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":299,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Introduction<\/jats:italic>. There are still no definite curative or preventive strategies for COVID\u201019 disease. It is crucial to fully comprehend the pathogenesis of COVID\u201019 infection so that we can develop expedient pharmacological protocols. While the impact of cytokine storm on COVID\u201019 severity has been one of the most tested hypotheses, the role of bradykinin and various other oxidative stress markers has been relatively under\u2010researched. Their levels can be determined immediately after a hospital admission so they could be used as early predictors of the further development of the disease. <jats:italic>Aim<\/jats:italic>. The study aims at evaluating the possibility of using bradykinin and galectin\u20103 levels as early predictors that COVID\u201019 disease will progress into a severe case. <jats:italic>Material and methods<\/jats:italic>. The study was conducted as a prospective cross\u2010sectional study. It included 47 consecutive adult patients with confirmed SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection and COVID\u201019 pneumonia. All study subjects were admitted for a hospital treatment to the tertiary Clinical Hospital Center Bezanijska kosa, Belgrade, Serbia on June 2021. The blood samples were collected at the patients\u2019 admission. The analyses of demographic, radiological, and clinical data were later conducted for both groups (the deceased patients and those who survived). In addition, we analyzed the potential relations between the outcome and the levels of bradykinin and galectin\u20103 measured immediately after the patients were admitted to the hospital. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. The patients who passed away were predominantly older men with comorbidities. We recorded higher CT scores in the deceased patients and the significantly higher levels of urea, creatinine, CK, troponine, CRP, and other laboratory markers. They stayed at the ICU unit longer and required mechanical ventilation more frequently than the patients who survived. On the other hand, no differences were recorded in the time periods passing from the onset of the systems to the hospital admissions. Finally, we can highlight several independent predictors of mortality in patients with COVID\u201019 pneumonia, including the following: (1) patients who are 50 or more years old, (2) with in\u2010hospital stays are longer that 4 days, (3) bradykinin levels surpass 220000\u2009pg\/ml, (4) D\u2010dimer, creatinine, and CRP are elevated, and (5) comorbidities were present (such as hypertension and diabetes). <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. The present study strongly supports the bradykinin storm hypothesis. Since elevated bradykinin levels have been found in most COVID\u201019 cases with fatal outcomes, the future therapeutical strategies for COVID\u201019 have to be focused on reducing bradykinin serum concentrations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7920915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T23:35:42Z","timestamp":1666913742000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Bradykinin and Galectin\u20103 in Survived and Deceased Patients with COVID\u201019 Pneumonia: An Increasingly Promising Biochemical Target"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"given":"Tamara Nikolic","family":"Turnic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0992-7481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viseslav","family":"Popadic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slobodan","family":"Klasnja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Sekulic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Novica","family":"Nikolic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Zivkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nevena","family":"Jeremic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marijana","family":"Andjic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nevena","family":"Draginic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Srejovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8084-3264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jovana","family":"Jeremic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4059-0263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Zdravkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0071-8376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Jakovljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2","volume-title":"COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering at","author":"Coronavirus Research Center","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1712187"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.19.20062117"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00934-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0331-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-013-1919-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-019-09858-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2018.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa2011686"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1091"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-020-0485-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3319"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2003.00335.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100685"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2521-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2020.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI81113"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1975.38.4.588"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102537"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_2","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Handbook of methods for oxygen radical research","author":"Auclair C.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(82)90118-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(80)90340-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90738-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)63505-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_2","volume-title":"Manual of biochemical methods","author":"Beutler E.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_2","first-page":"882","article-title":"Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione","volume":"61","author":"Beutler E.","year":"1963","journal-title":"The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1710018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14768"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.201477"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2016.00061"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_2","first-page":"377","article-title":"Hospital length of stay among COVID-19-positive patients","volume":"7","author":"Chiam T.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Translational Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.57555"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1997.tb01193.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Bradykinin as a probable aspect in SARS-Cov-2 scenarios: is bradykinin sneaking out of our sight?","volume":"19","author":"Ghahestani S. M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2012.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0319-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_2","volume-title":"Clinical Management of COVID-19: Interim Guidance, 27 May 2020","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Underlying medical conditions associated with high risk for severe COVID-19: Information for healthcare providers 2022 https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/hcp\/clinical-care\/underlyingconditions.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Science brief: Evidence used to update the list of underlying medical conditions that increase a person's risk of severe illness from COVID-19 2022 https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/hcp\/clinical-care\/underlying-evidence-table.html."}],"container-title":["Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/omcl\/2022\/7920915.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/omcl\/2022\/7920915.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2022\/7920915","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:43:51Z","timestamp":1748911431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2022\/7920915"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ivanov","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2022\/7920915"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/7920915","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-0900","1942-0994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-0900","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-0994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-06-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-10-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-10-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"7920915"}}