{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T22:46:30Z","timestamp":1776897990878,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655424000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019574","name":"Institut M\u00e9rieux","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019574","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a lack of data on the burden of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among human immunodeficiency virus- (HIV-) infected pregnant women in South Africa. We conducted a cross-sectional study which included 385 HIV-infected pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at the King Edward VIII Hospital in Durban, South Africa. The women provided vaginal swabs which were tested for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae. The prevalence of the individual STIs was as follows: C. trachomatis (47\/385, 12.2%) and N. gonorrhoeae (16\/385, 4.1%). Having a circumcised partner, testing positive for N. gonorrhoeae, and perceiving themselves of being at risk for infection were shown to increase the risk for C. trachomatis infection. Without controlling for the other factors, testing positive for N. gonorrhoeae increased the risk for C. trachomatis infection by 10-fold (OR: 10.17, 95% CI: 3.39-29.66, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>p<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>&lt;<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>0.001<\/a:mn>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). Similarly, adjusting for the other factors, the risk for C. trachomatis infection in women who tested positive for N. gonorrhoeae was 9-fold (OR: 9.16, 95% CI: 2.19-40.18, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mi>p<\/c:mi>\n                        <c:mo>=<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>0.003<\/c:mn>\n                     <\/c:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). The following factors were associated with the increased risk of N. gonorrhoeae infection: not knowing their partner\u2019s HIV status, partner having other partners, and C. trachomatis infection status. Without controlling for the other factors, testing positive for C. trachomatis increased the risk for N. gonorrhoeae infection by 6-fold (OR: 6.52, 95% CI: 2.22-18.49, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mi>p<\/e:mi>\n                        <e:mo>&lt;<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>0.001<\/e:mn>\n                     <\/e:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). Similarly, adjusting for the other factors, the risk for N. gonorrhoeae infection in women who tested positive for C. trachomatis was 6-fold (OR: 6.09, 95% CI: 1.73-22.03, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                        <g:mi>p<\/g:mi>\n                        <g:mo>=<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mn>0.005<\/g:mn>\n                     <\/g:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). We found a significant association between C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae in the pregnant women and the risk factors associated with these pathogens. Future studies are urgently required to investigate the impact of C. trachomatis\/N. gonorrhoeae coinfections in HIV pregnant women since this data is lacking in our setting. In addition, etiological screening of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae during antenatal clinic is urgently required to prevent adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes associated with these infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7930567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T20:20:13Z","timestamp":1655497213000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Significant Associations between Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Pregnant Women"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1573-4520","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bongekile","family":"Ngobese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine Laboratory, College of Health Science, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4574-6258","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Khine Swe","family":"Swe-Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Services, KwaZulu-Natal Academic Complex, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4528-0635","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Partson","family":"Tinarwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2392-0574","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nathlee S.","family":"Abbai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine Laboratory, College of Health Science, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","article-title":"Global health sector strategy on sexually transmitted infections 2016-2021: toward ending STIs","volume-title":"In Global health sector strategy on sexually transmitted infections 2016-2021: toward ending STIs","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30310-9"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.228486"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.14378"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6405-11-31"},{"key":"6","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u201cSentinel surveillance of sexually transmitted infection syndrome aetiologies and HPV genotypes among patients attending primary health care facilities in South Africa, April 2014\u2014September 2015\u201d, Johannesburg: Center for HIV and STIs","volume":"3","author":"R. 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