{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:49:07Z","timestamp":1787017747611,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":258,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]],"date-time":"2022-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672444800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LI 793\/16-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LI 793\/16-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil-transmitted helminthiasis affects more than 1.5 billion people globally and largely remains a sanitary problem in Africa. These infections place a huge economic burden on poor countries and affect livestock production, causing substantial economic losses and poor animal health. The emergence of anthelmintic resistance, especially in livestock, and the potential for its widespread in humans create a need for the development of alternative therapies. Medicinal plants play a significant role in the management of parasitic diseases in humans and livestock, especially in Africa. This report reviews anthelmintic studies that have been conducted on medicinal plants growing in Africa and published within the past two decades. A search was made in various electronic databases, and only full articles in English were included in the review. Reports show that aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts and polar fractions obtained from these crude extracts form the predominant (80%) form of the extracts studied. Medicinal plants, extracts, and compounds with different chemical groups have been studied for their anthelmintic potential. Polyphenols and terpenoids are the most reported groups. More than 64% of the studies employed in vitro assays against parasitic and nonparasitic nematode models. Egg hatch inhibition, larval migration inhibition, and paralysis are the common parameters assessed in vitro. About 72% of in vivo models involved small ruminants, 15% rodents, and 5% chicken. Egg and worm burden are the main factors assessed in vivo. There were no reports on interventions in humans cited within the period under consideration. Also, few reports have investigated the potential of combining plant extracts with common anthelmintic drugs. This review reveals the huge potential of African medicinal plants as sources of anthelmintic agents and the dire need for in-depth clinical studies of extracts, fractions, and compounds from African plants as anthelmintic agents in livestock, companion animals, and humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8023866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]],"date-time":"2022-12-31T22:05:08Z","timestamp":1672524308000},"page":"1-42","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Anthelmintic Agents from African Medicinal Plants: Review and Prospects"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5508-602X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Jato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"},{"name":"Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0053-5377","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Orman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2134-0034","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yaw","family":"Duah Boakye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9875-2387","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emelia","family":"Oppong Bekoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9930-5976","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samuel","family":"Oppong Bekoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2569-3459","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samuel","family":"Asare-Nkansah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verena","family":"Spiegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Hensel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Liebau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, University of M\u00fcnster, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8515-4882","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christian","family":"Agyare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-017-2505-z"},{"key":"2","volume-title":"Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A Road Map for Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021\u20132030","author":"Who","year":"2020"},{"key":"3","volume-title":"Neglected Tropical Diseases \u2212 Summary","author":"WHO","year":"2020"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001582"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030426"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9717304"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3537-1"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.02.005"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2011.09.002"},{"key":"10","volume-title":"Integrating Neglected Tropical Diseases into Global Health and Development: Fourth WHO Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases","author":"Who","year":"2017"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(14)60648-4"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009422"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34261"},{"key":"14","volume-title":"WHO Factsheet: Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases","author":"WHO","year":"2020"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X1300045X"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201700288R"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22319\/rmcp.v12s3.5840"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1043471"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328357e4cf"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.02.013"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328359f04a"},{"issue":"5","key":"22","first-page":"466","article-title":"A review on anthelmintic plants","volume":"7","author":"R. G. Mali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/cm.2012.32017"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2016024"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.07.024"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-7657.2006.00444.x"},{"key":"27","volume-title":"WHO Global Report on Traditional and Complementary Medicine 2019","author":"Who","year":"2019"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/rjphyto.2010.234.241"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109s169"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.025"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b01285"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005566"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2017.11.009"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00774.x"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.01.004"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-2-S2-S2"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3828-6"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018001786"},{"issue":"1","key":"39","first-page":"55","article-title":"Refugia - overlooked as perhaps the most potent factor concerning the development of anthelmintic resistance","volume":"68","author":"J. A. Van Wyk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.93"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013001145"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2014.07.007"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2018.01.005"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1993.1233"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(94)90066-3"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1994.0102"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097053"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.774896"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.04.021"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2019.100106"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.04.001"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31031\/rmes.2017.02.000536"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000885"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules171112771"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ijbcs.v8i5.24"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138920112800399095"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000499"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.seda.2019.07.001"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4510"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-1-29"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5b00947"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.7b00903"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.06.005"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-0295"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-11-106"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.11.034"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5b01055"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1904-z"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.05.043"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b06774"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v9i1-s.2339"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00299-007-0384-x"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.04.003"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019000672"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2012.05.007"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.503310110"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-014-0550-3"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00397.2003"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c6np00126b"},{"key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2015.09.001"},{"key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-8258.49371"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.020"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-38"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.10.006"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2016.08.002"},{"key":"86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ecajps.v5i3.9690"},{"key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/gjms.v6i2.10167"},{"key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/apra.v4i3-4.49760"},{"key":"89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB09.391"},{"key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v7i4.56143"},{"key":"91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/gjpas.v16i1.62827"},{"key":"92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v8i2.63199"},{"key":"93","first-page":"44","article-title":"Phytochemical and anthelmintic study of the root bark of teclea trichocarpa, engl. (Rutaceae)","volume":"17","author":"S. M. Muema","year":"2014","journal-title":"East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/A"},{"key":"95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v4i2.31202"},{"key":"96","first-page":"14","article-title":"In vitro activity of ethanol, cold water and hot water extracxts of the bark of Canthium mannii (Rubiaceae) stem on agasints Ancylostoma caninum eggs","volume":"9","author":"J. Pone","year":"2006","journal-title":"East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.02.043"},{"key":"98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ijhr.v4i1.70436"},{"issue":"1","key":"99","first-page":"21","article-title":"The anthelmintic activity of Vernonia amygdalina and Alstonia boonei De Wild","volume":"1","author":"C. A. Danquah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"100","first-page":"3","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance modifying properties of extracts of Cyperus difformis L. (Cyperiaceae)","volume":"1","author":"F. Adu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investigational Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology"},{"key":"101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.97417"},{"key":"102","article-title":"Harrison\u2019s. Principles of Internal Medicine. In McGraw Hill Co","author":"G. W. Thorn","year":"1997"},{"key":"103","article-title":"Atlas of Medicinal Parasitology","author":"Z. Vigar","year":"1984","journal-title":"In P. G. Publication House"},{"issue":"5","key":"104","first-page":"3677","article-title":"Anthelmintic and antimicrobial studies of Drimia indica (Roxb.) Jessop. bulb aqueous extracts","volume":"5","author":"S. M. Chittoor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacy Research"},{"key":"105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.05.115"},{"key":"106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/bajopas.v12i1.110"},{"key":"107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2014.01.008"},{"key":"108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(01)00270-2"},{"key":"109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(00)00333-6"},{"key":"110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22050748"},{"key":"111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4038\/cjs.v47i2.7509"},{"key":"112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/sajas.v37i2.4033"},{"key":"113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.11.040"},{"key":"114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-015-0676-y"},{"key":"115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21010\/ajtcam.v12i6.6s"},{"key":"116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/ajb10.2040"},{"key":"117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/nvj.v27i2.3504"},{"key":"118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v19i12.21"},{"key":"119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.11.039"},{"key":"120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(02)00030-2"},{"key":"121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.06.022"},{"key":"122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/ajb09.1706"},{"key":"123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X17000979"},{"key":"124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v83i1.1164"},{"key":"125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/tv.v20i2.4521"},{"key":"126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/bjvm.v6i2.2333"},{"key":"127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.07.027"},{"key":"128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2007.11.023"},{"issue":"1","key":"129","first-page":"75","article-title":"Anthelmintic screening of phytomedicines using Haemonchus placei Adult motility assay","volume":"15","author":"A. N. Ogedengbe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research"},{"key":"130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.03.032"},{"key":"131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(03)00040-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"132","first-page":"4125","article-title":"Anthelmintic activities of Polyalthia longifolia leaf and stem bark extracts in Heligmosimoides bakeri infected mice","volume":"18","author":"L. V. Chisara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animal Research International"},{"issue":"6","key":"133","first-page":"487","article-title":"Anthelmintic activity of the crude methanol extract of Xylopia aethiopica against Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in rats","volume":"75","author":"M. M. Suleiman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Veterinarski Arhiv"},{"issue":"5","key":"134","first-page":"24","article-title":"In vitro Anti-infective and Antioxidant activity of Xylopia aethiopica [Dun.] A. Rich: a comparison of the fruits and leaves extracts","volume":"4","author":"J. A. Apenteng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies"},{"key":"135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/jmpr2015.6036"},{"key":"136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/phbi.41.4.263.15666"},{"key":"137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/ajmr2015.7652"},{"key":"138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2021\/v33i1431278"},{"key":"139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.084"},{"key":"140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.03.046"},{"key":"141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/evj.v25i2.8"},{"key":"142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1608436"},{"issue":"13","key":"143","first-page":"1511","article-title":"Anthelmintic activity of the crude aqueous leaf extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus in sheep","volume":"6","author":"B. M. Agaie","year":"2007","journal-title":"African Journal of Biotechnology"},{"key":"144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X10000635"},{"key":"145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2003.09.029"},{"issue":"2","key":"146","first-page":"1175","article-title":"Anthelmintic efficacy trials using fractions of ethanolic crude extract of Anogeissus schimperi hoechst against nippostrongylus braziliensis in rats","volume":"36","author":"O. C. Jegede","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nigerian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.12.036"},{"key":"148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2771-z"},{"key":"149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.10.029"},{"key":"150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200814810"},{"key":"151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsb.2019.08.013"},{"key":"152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/bajopas.v11i2.38"},{"key":"153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/jasem.v22i8.33"},{"key":"154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/jpb.v9i2.6"},{"key":"155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.08.009"},{"issue":"4","key":"156","first-page":"2432","article-title":"In vitro anthelminthic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and FTIR analysis of extracts of Alchornea cordifolia leaves","volume":"8","author":"C. O. Akoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry"},{"key":"157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2003.11.007"},{"key":"158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.04.063"},{"key":"159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2153534"},{"key":"160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/jpb.v17i1.2"},{"key":"161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1408-2"},{"issue":"4","key":"162","first-page":"579","article-title":"Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of different fractions of Azadirachta indica A. Juss Seed Extract","volume":"32","author":"Z. Iqbal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pakistan Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.11.005"},{"issue":"4","key":"164","first-page":"94","article-title":"Investigation of in vitro anthelmintic activity of Azadirachta indica Leaves","volume":"3","author":"H. Rabiu","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Development & Research"},{"key":"165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-014-0423-9"},{"key":"166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-015-0742-5"},{"issue":"3","key":"167","first-page":"549","article-title":"In-vitro anthelmintic efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf, stem and root on nematode","volume":"3","author":"C. O. Nwosu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Animal Research International"},{"key":"168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.04.001"},{"key":"169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21010\/ajtcam.v14i1.15"},{"key":"170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0103-84782009005000254"},{"key":"171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-012-2842-9"},{"key":"172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2010.04.006"},{"key":"173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/jpb.v16i2.8"},{"key":"174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/ajb12.2297"},{"key":"175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-13-138"},{"key":"176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/jmpr2017.6413"},{"key":"177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/joh2004265"},{"key":"178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0367-326x(00)00237-9"},{"key":"179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26502\/avsm.020"},{"key":"180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.12.031"},{"key":"181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.02.022"},{"key":"182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.10.003"},{"key":"183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2007.01.019"},{"key":"184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.018"},{"key":"185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.03.010"},{"issue":"3","key":"186","first-page":"139","article-title":"Potency of pawpaw (carica papaya) latex as an anthelmintic in poultry production","volume":"2","author":"O. A. Adu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Botany Research International"},{"issue":"16","key":"187","first-page":"29","article-title":"Evaluation of anthhelmintic potential of pawpaw (carica papaya) seeds administered in-feed and in-water for west african dwarf (WAD) goats","volume":"4","author":"A. Effendy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare"},{"issue":"1","key":"188","first-page":"30","article-title":"Anthelmintic potency of pawpaw (carica papaya) seeds in West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep","volume":"5","author":"S. A. Ameen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Global Veterinaria"},{"issue":"1","key":"189","first-page":"63","article-title":"In-vitro anthelmintic activity of Garcinia kola aqueous seed extract on the infective stage of strongylid nematodes of goats","volume":"1","author":"D. Attah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Innovative Research in Life Sciences"},{"key":"190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/njpar.v25i1.37701"},{"key":"191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/njpar.v38i2.26"},{"key":"192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/nvj.v28i1.3537"},{"key":"193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1458-9"},{"key":"194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2006.7.3.229"},{"key":"195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/star.v4i4.19"},{"key":"196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2007.11.024"},{"issue":"2","key":"197","first-page":"27","article-title":"Anthelmintic effect of moringa oleifera lam. In wild caught Achatina achatina linnaeus, 1758 from the sefwi wiawso district, Ghana","volume":"23","author":"I. F. Aboagye","year":"2015","journal-title":"West African Journal of Applied Ecology"},{"key":"198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcrbp.2016.308.020"},{"key":"199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-108209"},{"key":"200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25102287"},{"key":"201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-12-29"},{"key":"202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.12.031"},{"key":"203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0518-2"},{"key":"204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0254-6299(16)30450-1"},{"key":"205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0254-6299(15)30189-7"},{"key":"206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2015.08.028"},{"key":"207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X19000282"},{"key":"208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/0944-7113-00023"},{"key":"209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v76i2.49"},{"key":"210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2015.1059861"},{"key":"211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.08.011"},{"key":"212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.02.021"},{"key":"213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr"},{"key":"214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.05.029"},{"key":"215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.01.024"},{"key":"216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.07.005"},{"key":"217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.06.026"},{"key":"218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X16000419"},{"key":"219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201300156X"},{"key":"220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14791"},{"key":"221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0001-37652008000200005"},{"key":"222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.03.012"},{"key":"223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.04.010"},{"key":"224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.05.001"},{"key":"225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.12.007"},{"key":"226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.05.048"},{"key":"227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.06.012"},{"key":"228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/094471102321621395"},{"key":"229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2010.04.012"},{"key":"230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.05.003"},{"key":"231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200800011"},{"key":"232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.25.1651"},{"key":"233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40816-018-0077-8"},{"key":"234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.03.032"},{"key":"235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-967124"},{"key":"236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182005008024"},{"key":"237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004908"},{"key":"238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.12.019"},{"key":"239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-007-0201-4"},{"key":"240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0031-9422(01)00077-2"},{"key":"241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2010.09.008"},{"key":"242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.04.013"},{"key":"243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200916741"},{"key":"244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b05691"},{"key":"245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.035"},{"key":"246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557516666151120121036"},{"key":"247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(00)00565-2"},{"key":"248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-8730-7"},{"key":"249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X20000152"},{"key":"250","article-title":"Traditional veterinary practice in Africa","volume-title":"Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)","author":"N. Bizimana","year":"1994"},{"key":"251","volume-title":"Kikuyu Botanical Dictionary of Plant Names and Uses","author":"F. N. Gachathi","year":"1989"},{"key":"252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(00)00172-0"},{"key":"253","volume-title":"Ghana herbal pharmacopoeia","author":"Science and Technology Policy Research Institute","year":"2007"},{"key":"254","volume-title":"West African Herbal Pharmacopoeia","author":"West African Health Organisation","year":"2013"},{"key":"255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008919"},{"issue":"6","key":"256","first-page":"76","article-title":"Neem (azadirachta indica A . Juss) - a nature\u2019s drugstore: an overview","volume":"1","author":"I. Hashmat","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Research Journal of Biological Sciences"},{"key":"257","article-title":"PROTA4U vernonia amygdalina delile","volume-title":"Ressources V\u00e9g\u00e9tales de l\u2019Afrique Tropicale","author":"F. U. Fomum","year":"2004"},{"key":"258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(91)90173-b"}],"container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2022\/8023866.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2022\/8023866.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2022\/8023866.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]],"date-time":"2022-12-31T22:05:49Z","timestamp":1672524349000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2022\/8023866\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Harish","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"references-count":258,"alternative-id":["8023866","8023866"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/8023866","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-4288","1741-427X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-4288","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1741-427X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]}}}