{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:45:29Z","timestamp":1788421529025,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651795200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Pediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Down syndrome (DS) or trisomy 21 is caused due to the presence of additional chromosome 21 in humans. DS can exist either as free trisomy 21 (nondisjunction), Robertsonian translocated DS, or as mosaic DS. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a complex condition with serious health implications for pediatric individuals with DS. OSA is common in DS, and when it is present, it appears to be extreme. Obesity and snoring are some of the OSA risk factors for children associated with DS and OSA. Adenotonsillectomy is one of the surgical protocols applied in children, which is useful in lowering the OSA in which obesity is commonly connected within normal and DS children. Tonsillectomy is the alternative procedure of surgery connected with postoperative respiratory complications, and adenotonsillectomy was found to be a safe surgical method in children and improves the quality of life. The main aim of this review is to bridge the gap between the role of OSA in normal children (46, XX\/XY) and DS children (47, XX\/XY+21) characterized by the presence of chromosomes and exactly what is the involvement with adenotonsillectomy and tonsillectomy when obesity is a risk factor. The treatment for OSA and obesity is rehabilitative and reversible; however, DS can be managed but not resolved because the disorder occurs from the existence of an extra chromosome during the failure of homologous chromosomal pairing separation during maternal meiosis I. This review concludes that there is a treatment for OSA and obesity and that DS children can be prevented from being obese or experiencing OSA but cannot be turned to normal chromosomes due to an extra trisomy 21. According to this review, children with DS and OSA\/OSAS, as well as concomitant complications, can be treated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8074094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T21:05:07Z","timestamp":1651871107000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Role of Adenotonsillectomy and Tonsillectomy in Children with Down Syndrome Who Develop Obstructive Sleep Apnea by Obesity as a Risk Factor"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9746-5300","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Imran","family":"Ali Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","first-page":"221","article-title":"Metabolic diseases and Down syndrome: how are they linked together?","volume":"9","author":"M. Moreau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1110(92)90033-6"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2020.108320"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.22.8044"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00522"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2016.01.044"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1605"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2005.07.028"},{"key":"9","first-page":"5","article-title":"Genetics of Down syndrome","volume":"1","author":"T. Eggermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genetics and Etiology of Down Syndrome, Part"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1843-3"},{"issue":"3","key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.293.3629","article-title":"Socio-demographic risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"29","author":"R. Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pakistan journal of medical sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"12","first-page":"170","article-title":"The impact of maternal obesity on maternal and fetal health","volume":"1","author":"M. A. Leddy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phr.2004.05.006"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S124657"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(66)90117-X"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldh044"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31821cc334"},{"issue":"12","key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198612000-00004","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in Down syndrome children: a surgical approach","volume":"96","author":"M. Strome","year":"1986","journal-title":"The Laryngoscope"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(00)00463-8"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.10.018"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1672"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7126"},{"issue":"5","key":"23","first-page":"1147","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in children","volume":"69","author":"J. Chan","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Family Physician"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2017.1312016"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/JCMRP.JCMRP_138_18"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00047010"},{"key":"27","volume-title":"Relationship of obstructive sleep apnea and sickle cell disease severity in children,","author":"V. E. Rogers","year":"2009"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239040"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0266"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5554"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.132.4.432"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.10.001"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.157.7.655"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S154723"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-310351"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599817703921"},{"key":"37","volume-title":"Surgical treatment options for obstructive sleep apnea","author":"J. Hanna","year":"2020"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.199855"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paed.2019.10.001"},{"key":"40","first-page":"852","article-title":"Tonsillectomy in children","volume":"105","author":"B. A. Stuck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt International"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5876(95)01207-R"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijpedi\/2022\/8074094.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijpedi\/2022\/8074094.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijpedi\/2022\/8074094.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T21:05:17Z","timestamp":1651871117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijpedi\/2022\/8074094\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Menahem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["8074094","8074094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/8074094","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-9759","1687-9740"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-9759","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1687-9740","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]}}}