{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T22:39:47Z","timestamp":1778884787055,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660608000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dr. D.S. Kothari Postdoctoral Scheme","award":["Ref. No-F.4-2\/2006 (BSR)\/BL\/19-20\/0032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ref. No-F.4-2\/2006 (BSR)\/BL\/19-20\/0032"]}]},{"name":"Dr. D.S. Kothari Postdoctoral Scheme","award":["Ref. No-R\/Dev.(SRF-JRF)\u2019R\u2019A\/C\/Medicine\/IMS\/58668\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ref. No-R\/Dev.(SRF-JRF)\u2019R\u2019A\/C\/Medicine\/IMS\/58668\/2018"]}]},{"name":"UGC-Research SRF Fellowship","award":["Ref. No-F.4-2\/2006 (BSR)\/BL\/19-20\/0032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ref. No-F.4-2\/2006 (BSR)\/BL\/19-20\/0032"]}]},{"name":"UGC-Research SRF Fellowship","award":["Ref. No-R\/Dev.(SRF-JRF)\u2019R\u2019A\/C\/Medicine\/IMS\/58668\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ref. No-R\/Dev.(SRF-JRF)\u2019R\u2019A\/C\/Medicine\/IMS\/58668\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Disease Markers"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) can be asymptomatic or even masquerade as other gynecological conditions. Conventional methods of FGTB diagnosis include various imaging, bacteriological, molecular, and pathological techniques that are only positive in a small percentage of patients, leaving many cases with undiagnosed condition. In the absence of a perfect diagnostic method, composite reference standards (CRSs) have been advocated in this diagnostic study. This study assesses the agreement between traditional diagnostic modalities using CRS and prevalent TB groups among different fallopian tube infertility manifestations. A total of 86 women with primary and secondary infertility were included in the study and subjected to bacteriological, pathological, and radiological examination for the diagnosis of FGTB. Results were evaluated statistically for concordance of the diagnostic tests to the CRS by sensitivity and specificity, while PPV and NPV were calculated for the performance of diagnostic tests of FGTB. We observed that 11.2% of women were found to be true positives by means of CRS. The positive findings by CRS were as follows: ultrasonography (13.9%), laparoscopy (14%), hysteroscopy (12%), GeneXpert (4.8%), culture (4.8%), polymerase chain reaction (4.8%), and histopathology (6.4%). GeneXpert and culture were found to have a perfect agreement with CRS. Hysterosalpingography, laparoscopy, and hysteroscopy have a fair agreement with CRS. Out of 43 women with tubal factor infertility, 6 women were found in the definitive TB group with mixed conditions of tubal manifestations. This study evaluates and demonstrates the reliability of the collective assessment of various diagnostic methods with CRS findings that help in identifying different TB groups of genital tuberculosis patients from all infertile patients by applying the criteria of CRS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8078639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T18:20:05Z","timestamp":1660674005000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Diagnosis of Genital Tuberculosis in Infertile Women by Using the Composite Reference Standard"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8969-2570","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Riden","family":"Saxena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6854-3069","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kriti","family":"Shrinet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India"},{"name":"School of Biotechnology, IFTM University, 244102, Moradabad, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8418-9549","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sachchida Nand","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, 211002, Prayagraj, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamal","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India"},{"name":"Virus Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Virology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science, 800007, Patna, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shivi","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuchi","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deeksha","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7644-1086","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shampa","family":"Anupurba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7073-4902","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Madhu","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 221005, Varanasi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2006.12.018"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2011.568523"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-022-01629-8"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-197603000-00016"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(80)91090-X"},{"issue":"6","key":"6","first-page":"581","article-title":"Investigation of the prevalence of female genital tract tuberculosis and its relation to female infertility: an observational analytical study","volume":"10","author":"S. Shahzad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran. J. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"7","volume-title":"Genital tuberculosis at Tygerberg Hospital: Prevalence, Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis","author":"K. Margolis","year":"1992"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(01)00525-2"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2017.03.001"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-008-0590-y"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130273"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2022.100301"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1550_15"},{"issue":"6","key":"14","first-page":"519","article-title":"Various hysterosalpingography findings of female genital tuberculosis: a case series","volume":"11","author":"N. Afzali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. J. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"15","article-title":"Diagnostic Dilemma in Genital Tuberculosis","volume":"142","author":"S. N. Tripathy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Practical Guide in Infertility"},{"issue":"5","key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03000605211014999","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605211014999","article-title":"Emerging progress on diagnosis and treatment of female genital tuberculosis","volume":"49","author":"Y. Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of International Medical Research"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098005"},{"key":"18","volume-title":"Initiative of Central TB Division Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India Index-TB Guidelines-Guidelines on Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis for India","author":"I. Convenors","year":"2016"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/fsr.fsr_2_17"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00130747-200412000-00002"},{"key":"21","first-page":"395","article-title":"Tuberculosis and obstetric and gynecological practice","volume":"18","author":"J. B. Sharma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Progress in obstetrics and gynecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"22","first-page":"40","article-title":"Evaluating PCR, culture & histopathology in the diagnosis of female genital tuberculosis","volume":"134","author":"R. B. P. Thangappah","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1250404","article-title":"Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Rifampicin Resistance Using GeneXpert MTB\/RIF Assay at Enat Hospital, Central Ethiopia","volume-title":"Tuberculosis Research and Treatment","author":"S. Selfegna","year":"2022"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.6.2323-2329.2003"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4671-2"},{"key":"26","article-title":"Guidelines: Central TB Division"},{"key":"27","article-title":"Home:: Central TB Division"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00207681"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0377-4929.118670"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-1208.130817"},{"issue":"4","key":"32","first-page":"430","article-title":"Tuberculosis of the female reproductive tract: effect on function","volume":"41","author":"R. Figueroa-Damian","year":"1996","journal-title":"International Journal of Fertility and Menopausal Studies"},{"key":"33","volume-title":"Infectious diseasesa modern treatise of infectious processes","author":"P. D. Hoeprich","year":"1989"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/27379200"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2020.01.005"}],"container-title":["Disease Markers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/dm\/2022\/8078639.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/dm\/2022\/8078639.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/dm\/2022\/8078639.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T18:20:25Z","timestamp":1660674025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/dm\/2022\/8078639\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Kosmas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["8078639","8078639"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/8078639","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-8630","0278-0240"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-8630","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0278-0240","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]}}}