{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T14:21:22Z","timestamp":1776867682280,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668988800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Daewon Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pain Research and Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. In patients with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), the effectiveness of epidural block and the benefits of adjuvant hypertonic saline (HS) have not been fully determined. Therefore, we investigated these issues in this study. Methods. At a tertiary medical center\u2019s single pain clinic in Seoul, Republic of Korea, patients complaining of PHN even after 4 months of herpes zoster onset were enrolled and randomly assigned to either the HS or normal saline (NS) group. After epidural block with adjuvant HS or NS administration according to each protocol, outcomes were assessed at baseline and one and three months after the intervention. The primary outcome was pain intensity on the numerical rating scale (NRS). The secondary outcomes were the insomnia severity index (ISI), the medication quantification scale (MQS), and the global perceived effect of satisfaction (GPES). Results. Thirty-six patients (NS: 17, HS: 19) were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. The estimated pain intensity decreased in both groups at one and three months after the procedure (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>P<\/a:mi>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), without a significant group difference. The estimated ISI and MQS were not significantly different at 1 month compared with baseline but significantly decreased at 3 months in each group (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mi>P<\/c:mi>\n                     <\/c:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 and <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mi>P<\/e:mi>\n                     <\/e:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, respectively), without group differences. In addition, there was no difference between the groups on the GPES scale at one and three months after the procedure. Conclusions. Epidural steroid injection may have the advantages of short-term pain relief, improved sleep quality, and decreased medication usage in patients with PHN. In addition, adjuvant HS administration with epidural steroid injection did not show beneficial effects in patients with PHN. Further studies are needed to clarify the potential effectiveness of HS in treating neuropathic pain such as PHN. This trial is registered with KCT0002845.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8081443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T18:20:05Z","timestamp":1669054805000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Comparison of Adjuvant Hypertonic Saline and Normal Saline for Epidural Block in Patients with Postherpetic Neuralgia: A Double-Blind, Randomized Trial"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5688-4181","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hyun-Jung","family":"Kwon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3875-0857","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Doo-Hwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1875-1377","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seong-Sik","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3280-8429","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bokyoung","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7494-4747","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Myong-Hwan","family":"Karm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Anesthesiology and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2333-0235","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seong-Soo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.04.015","article-title":"Natural history of herpes zoster: late follow up of 3.9 years (n\u2009=\u200943) and 7.7 years (n\u2009=\u200910)","volume":"154","author":"H. Reda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2015.28.3.177","article-title":"Herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia: practical consideration for prevention and treatment","volume":"28","author":"Y. H. Jeon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Pain"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(06)68032-x"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rapm.2004.04.010"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/794325"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2013.26.1.21"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2017.1.e107"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2013\/16\/197"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2001\/4\/366"},{"issue":"4","key":"10","first-page":"373","article-title":"World medical association declaration of Helsinki. Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume":"79","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ijgm.s10371"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2021\/24\/e327"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2021-103466"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12557"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1389-9457(00)00065-4"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.5.601"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnw066"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.09.002"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2007.00163.x"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aap.0b013e3181b137bd"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.06.004"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2014.11.009"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1098-7339(99)90101-3"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/jpr.s190646"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2019.22.209"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-33823-9_4","article-title":"Local anesthetics","volume":"177","author":"F. Yanagidate","year":"2007","journal-title":"Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/jd9.0000000000000136"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2017.30.1.3"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2014.27.1.3"},{"issue":"5","key":"30","first-page":"E539","article-title":"Epidural injections for lumbar radiculopathy or sciatica: a comparative systematic review and meta analysis of cochrane review","volume":"24","author":"L. Manchikanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"5","key":"31","first-page":"E669","article-title":"Transforaminal epidural steroid injection for zoster related pain: the golden period for the best outcome","volume":"24","author":"F. S. Nahm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.09.030"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2019.1647166"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2665-9913(21)00032-1"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2018.3.243"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2013\/16\/155"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000005206"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2019.22.561"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-6576.2000.440803.x"}],"container-title":["Pain Research and Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/prm\/2022\/8081443.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/prm\/2022\/8081443.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/prm\/2022\/8081443.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T18:20:12Z","timestamp":1669054812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/prm\/2022\/8081443\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Xue-Qiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["8081443","8081443"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/8081443","relation":{},"ISSN":["1918-1523","1203-6765"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1918-1523","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1203-6765","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]}}}