{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T02:18:27Z","timestamp":1785896307573,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":265,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Objectives.<\/jats:italic> The present ex vivo study is aimed at evaluating the antibacterial efficacy of chloroform, eucalyptol, orange oil, and xylene against <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> biofilm during nonsurgical root canal retreatment. <jats:italic>Materials and Methods<\/jats:italic>. Eighty single\u2010rooted teeth were instrumented. The samples were autoclaved, infected with <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> for 4 weeks, and obturated with gutta\u2010percha. Then the teeth were randomly assigned to 4 groups (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 20): (1) chloroform, (2) eucalyptol, (3) orange oil, and (4) xylene. In all of the groups, gutta\u2010percha removal was conducted according to the same protocol although the solvent used in each group was different. Bacterial samples were collected after gutta\u2010percha removal and following additional apical enlargement. Intergroup and intragroup analyses were conducted using one\u2010way ANOVA combined with the post hoc Tukey test and the paired\u2010sample <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010test, respectively. Statistical significance was set to 0.05. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. All of the groups showed more than 99% bacterial load reduction. The least bacterial load after gutta\u2010percha removal was observed in the chloroform group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). The orange oil group showed a significantly lower bacterial load compared to the eucalyptol group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001), while it was not different from the xylene group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.953). The xylene group also had a significantly lower bacterial load compared with the eucalyptol group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.017). After apical enlargement, the chloroform group had a significantly lower bacterial load compared to the other groups. The comparison of bacterial load values before and after apical enlargement in the chloroform and eucalyptol groups showed a statistically significant difference (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>choloroform<\/jats:sub> = 0.011, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>eucalyptol<\/jats:sub> = 0.001). <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. Chloroform was the most effective solvent in terms of antimicrobial activity against <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> followed by orange oil and xylene, which were not significantly different though, and eucalyptol. All of the solvents showed more than 99% bacterial load reduction. Chloroform and xylene revealed to be associated with favorable antibiofilm activity among the examined solvents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8176172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T22:35:48Z","timestamp":1663972548000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Evaluation of the Antibacterial Effect of Xylene, Chloroform, Eucalyptol, and Orange Oil on <i>Enterococcus faecalis<\/i> in Nonsurgical Root Canal Retreatment: An Ex Vivo Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9170-653X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Aminsobhani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6124-105X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Razmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0945-516X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Hamidzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5771-4491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arvin","family":"Rezaei Avval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.2002.00504.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(06)81989-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2001.113587"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.1998.t01-1-00111.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(98)90404-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","first-page":"93","article-title":"Difficulty in securing treatment for degenerative hip disease in a patient with down syndrome: the gap remains open","volume":"98","author":"Gill C. 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