{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T17:02:13Z","timestamp":1791133333436,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019A1515011212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019A1515011212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BJ-GY20211014J"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BJ-GY20211014J"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Bethune Charitable Foundation","award":["2019A1515011212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019A1515011212"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Bethune Charitable Foundation","award":["BJ-GY20211014J"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BJ-GY20211014J"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose. This study aims to explore the risk factors of asthenopia in the myopic population. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, myopia patients were inquired about their eye habits and were requested to complete an asthenopia questionnaire and ocular examinations. Age, gender, occupation, anisometropia, eye care education, weekly outdoor activity time, duration of continuous near work, daily screen time, dry eye, near phoria, and binocular accommodative facility were calculated using the Student\u2019s test-test, Mann Whitney U test, and Pearson\u2019s chi-square test. Spherical equivalents and astigmatism were calculated using a generalized estimating equation. Binary logistic regression was performed on factors with a <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>p<\/a:mi>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>-value &lt;0.05. Results. Of the 65 myopic patients, 57% showed asthenopia, 52% experienced blurry vision, 37% felt their eyes hurt or sore, and 28% felt tired when performing close work. Asthenopia patients were older than patients without asthenopia (Z\u2009=\u2009\u22122.887, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mi>p<\/c:mi>\n                        <c:mo>=<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>0.004<\/c:mn>\n                     <\/c:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). Daily screen time, continuous near-work time, eye care education, and dry eye were positively correlated with asthenopia (\u03c72\u2009=\u20098.64, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mi>p<\/e:mi>\n                        <e:mo>=<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>0.003<\/e:mn>\n                     <\/e:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>; \u03c72\u2009=\u200913.873, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                        <g:mi>p<\/g:mi>\n                        <g:mo>&lt;<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mn>0.001<\/g:mn>\n                     <\/g:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, \u03c72\u2009=\u20099.643, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <i:math xmlns:i=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\">\n                        <i:mi>p<\/i:mi>\n                        <i:mo>=<\/i:mo>\n                        <i:mn>0.002<\/i:mn>\n                     <\/i:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>; \u03c72\u2009=\u20097.035, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <k:math xmlns:k=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\">\n                        <k:mi>p<\/k:mi>\n                        <k:mo>=<\/k:mo>\n                        <k:mn>0.008<\/k:mn>\n                     <\/k:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). After eliminating collinearity, eye care education and continuous near-work time were identified as independent risk factors of asthenopia, with odds ratios of 0.115 and 4.227, respectively. Conclusion. This study shows that receiving eye care education from schools and hospitals and limiting near-work duration to less than 45 minutes per session could reduce the occurrence of asthenopia in myopic patients. This approach may be a more economical and convenient way for myopic people to relieve asthenopia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8669217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T22:35:06Z","timestamp":1666046106000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Eye Habits Affect the Prevalence of Asthenopia in Patients with Myopia"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1782-5194","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6605-4736","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peng","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-wen","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-qi","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-ru","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-xian","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2615-4927","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jian-hui","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1","first-page":"474","article-title":"High prevalence of asthenopia among a population of university students","volume":"14","author":"H. 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