{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:49:11Z","timestamp":1787017751215,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Objective. This study is aimed at investigating the correlation between lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) severity, ligamentum flavum hypertrophy, and the upregulation of inflammatory markers. Methods. From March 2019 and May 2022, eighty-five inpatients with LSS were enlisted as the study\u2019s research group, while sixty-five patients hospitalized for lumbar intervertebral disc herniation over the same time period served as the study\u2019s control group. Moreover, mild, moderate, and severe subgroups of patients were created within the research population based on their LSS severity. The ligamentum flavum thickness and the positive expression rates of TNF-\u03b1, TGF-\u03b21, and IL-1\u03b1 were compared between the study group and the control group. The levels of TNF-\u03b1, TGF-\u03b21, and IL-1\u03b1 that were found to be positively expressed were compared between the mild, moderate, and severe groups. Patients with LSS had their ligamentum flavum thickness and their positive expression rates of TNF-\u03b1, TGF-\u03b21, and IL-1\u03b1 analyzed using Spearman correlation analysis. We evaluated the diagnostic utility of the positive expression rates of IL-\u03b11, TGF-\u03b21, and TNF-\u03b1 and ligamentum flavum thickness in distinguishing the severity of LSS using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results. The rates of both lower limb pain (40.00%) and intermittent claudication (80.00%) in the LSS group were higher than those in the lumbar disc herniation group (15.38%, 12.31%), with statistical significance (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>P<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>&lt;<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>0.05<\/a:mn>\n                      <\/a:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ). However, no substantial disparity was observed in left lower limb pain, right lower limb pain, low back pain, lower limb sensation, muscle strength, and reflex abnormalities between the two groups (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mi>P<\/c:mi>\n                        <c:mo>&gt;<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>0.05<\/c:mn>\n                      <\/c:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ). Positive expressions of TGF-\u03b21, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-1\u03b1 and thicker ligamentum flavum were more prevalent in the LSS group than in the lumbar intervertebral disc herniation group. All indexes were significantly (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mi>P<\/e:mi>\n                        <e:mo>&lt;<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>0.05<\/e:mn>\n                      <\/e:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ) higher in the moderate stenosis group than in the severe stenosis group. Additionally, the thickness of the ligamentum flavum and the positive expression rates of TNF-\u03b1, TGF-\u03b21, and IL-1\u03b1 were higher in the mild and moderate stenosis groups than in the severe stenosis group. The expression levels of TNF-\u03b1, TGF-\u03b21, and IL-1\u03b1 were favorably linked with ligamentum flavum thickness (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                        <g:mi>P<\/g:mi>\n                        <g:mo>&lt;<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mn>0.05<\/g:mn>\n                      <\/g:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ). ROC curve analysis showed that the thickness of ligamentum flavum, the expression of IL-1\u03b1, the expression of TGF-\u03b21, and the expression of TNF-\u03b1 could effectively diagnose mild, moderate, and severe LSS (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <i:math xmlns:i=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\">\n                        <i:mi>P<\/i:mi>\n                        <i:mo>&lt;<\/i:mo>\n                        <i:mn>0.05<\/i:mn>\n                      <\/i:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ). Conclusion. Ligamentum flavum hypertrophy and positive expression rates of IL-1\u03b1, TGF-\u03b21, and TNF-\u03b1 are closely linked to LSS, which can effectively identify mild, moderate, and severe LSS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8799240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T18:36:27Z","timestamp":1665599787000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Relationship between Severity of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis and Ligamentum Flavum Hypertrophy and Serum Inflammatory Factors"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"given":"Nina","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Physiotherapy, Shandong University Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbin","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Physiotherapy, Shandong University Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongli","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Physiotherapy, Shandong University Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8560-0413","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Physiotherapy, Shandong University Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00132-019-03746-1"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-020-06524-2"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02593-1"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2020.06.006"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02818-7"},{"issue":"4","key":"6","first-page":"4","article-title":"Expression of catalase and ligamentum flavum hypertrophy in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis","volume":"24","author":"C. Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anhui Medicine"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23094990211012846"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015192"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003975"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.02.004"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.03.002"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202000635R"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24251"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004302"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e3182698501"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.11.003"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84363-x"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24425"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007760070008"},{"issue":"17","key":"20","first-page":"6","article-title":"Research progress on TGF-\u03b21\/CTGF signaling pathway and its mechanism in ligamentum flavum hypertrophy","volume":"27","author":"Y. Xinqiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medical Review"},{"issue":"26","key":"21","first-page":"6","article-title":"Characteristics of signaling pathway and molecular level in ligamentum flavum tissue hypertrophy and fibrosis","volume":"25","author":"F. Xiaoqian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"22","first-page":"8","article-title":"Research progress on the characteristics of lumbar ligamentum flavum and the pathological mechanism of ligamentum flavum hypertrophy","volume":"30","author":"L. Zexiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Spinal Cord"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.2095-4344.2498"},{"issue":"6","key":"24","first-page":"6","article-title":"The mechanism of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway mediating TGF-\u03b21\/connective tissue growth factor regulation of human lumbar ligamentum flavum hypertrophy and hypertrophy","volume":"33","author":"L. Changhuai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chinese Repair and Reconstructive Surgery Journal"},{"issue":"10","key":"25","first-page":"5","article-title":"Research progress on molecular pathogenesis of Runx2 and other related factors in ossification of ligamentum flavum","volume":"9","author":"C. Bing","year":"2020","journal-title":"China Journal of Bone and Joint"},{"issue":"6","key":"26","first-page":"4","article-title":"The efficacy of Buyang Huanwu decoction combined with warm acupuncture in the treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis and its effect on TCM symptoms and inflammatory factors in patients","volume":"33","author":"W. Yanpeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hainan Medicine"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9843748","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"retraction-watch","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702425600000},"record-id":"59563"},{"DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9843748","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702425600000}}],"container-title":["Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cmmm\/2022\/8799240.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cmmm\/2022\/8799240.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cmmm\/2022\/8799240.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T18:36:38Z","timestamp":1665599798000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/cmmm\/2022\/8799240\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Min","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["8799240","8799240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/8799240","relation":{},"ISSN":["1748-6718","1748-670X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1748-6718","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1748-670X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]}}}