{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T17:31:33Z","timestamp":1767375093550,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nigerian Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund) Institutional Based Research","award":["TETFUND\/DESS\/UNIZIK\/AWKA\/RP\/VOL.VIII"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TETFUND\/DESS\/UNIZIK\/AWKA\/RP\/VOL.VIII"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Purpose<\/jats:italic>. To assess the improvement in oral bioavailability and efficacy in systemic candidiasis treatment of miconazole nitrate (MN) formulations in murine models of candidiasis. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. Selected formulations containing 5% of Softisan + Phospholipon 90H lipid matrix with 3% of MN (<jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>), 5% of stearic\u2009acid + Phospholipon 90H lipid matrix with 3% of MN (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>), and 5% Softisan + stearic\u2009acid + Phospholipon 90H with 3% of MN (<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>) from the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> investigation were used for the study. Their acute toxicity was assessed using Lorke\u2019s method (with slight modification) while bioavailability was determined using the bioassay method. The optimized batch (<jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>) was tested in murine systemic candidiasis induced in cyclophosphamide\u2010immunosuppressed mice. The mice were treated with a single oral dose (100\u2009mg\/kg) of the formulations for five days. Serum fungal counts (cfu\/mL) were determined on days 1, 3, and 5 of the treatment period. Haematological assessments were done. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. The lipid formulations were safer than MN powder with LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values of 3162.8 and 1118.3\u2009mg\/kg. Bioavailability determination revealed a higher area under the curve (AUC) value for formulations <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> (6.11\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/hr\/mL) and <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> (4.91\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/hr\/mL) while formulation <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> (1.80\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/hr\/mL) had a lower AUC than MN (4.46\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/hr\/mL). Fungi were completely cleared from the blood of animals treated with the optimized formulation by day 3 as opposed to the controls (MN and Tween\u00ae 20) which still had fungi on day 5. No significant increase (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.05) in haematological parameters was observed in mice treated with <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>. <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. Formulation <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> successfully cleared <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> from the blood within a shorter period than miconazole powder. This research has shown the potential of orally administered MN\u2010loaded SRMS\u2010based microparticles in combating systemic candidaemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8930709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T21:20:13Z","timestamp":1643145613000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Solidified Reverse Micellar Solution\u2010 (SRMS\u2010) Based Microparticles for Enhanced Oral Bioavailability and Systemic Antifungal Efficacy of Miconazole Nitrate in Immunocompromised Mice"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8885-9271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel Maduabuchi","family":"Uronnachi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5751-2280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Attama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1619-4474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franklin","family":"Kenechukwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8674-0867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chukwuebuka","family":"Umeyor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4840-4090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thaddeus","family":"Gugu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4080-5773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Calistus","family":"Nwakile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chidalu","family":"Ikeotuonye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5402\/2013\/763628"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.idc.0000121023.62151.07"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/44.6.787"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/49.suppl_1.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2011.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2015.980812"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2017.095"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/scipharm87030020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2013.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2014.900152"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1877912305666150616220041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S100625"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","unstructured":"DrugBank Miconazole 2016 http:\/\/www.drugbank.ca\/drugs\/DB01110."},{"volume-title":"Miconazole nitrate in Martindale: the complete drug reference","year":"2009","author":"Sweetman S. 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