{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:54:54Z","timestamp":1780401294718,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660003200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovascular Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the combination of coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, rheumatic heart disease, and peripheral vascular disease of the heart and blood vessels. It is one of the leading deadly diseases that causes one-third of the deaths yearly in the globe. Additionally, the risk factors associated with it make the situation more complex for cardiovascular patients, which lead them towards mortality, but the genetic association between CVD and its risk factors is not clearly explored in the global literature. We addressed this issue and explored the linkage between CVD and its risk factors. Methods. We developed an analytical approach to reveal the risk factors and their linkages with CVD. We used GEO microarray datasets for the CVD and other risk factors in this study. We performed several analyses including gene expression analysis, diseasome analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, and pathway analysis for discovering the relationship between CVD and its risk factors. We also examined the validation of our study using gold benchmark databases OMIM, dbGAP, and DisGeNET. Results. We observed that the number of 32, 17, 53, 70, and 89 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) is overlapped between CVD and its risk factors of hypertension (HTN), type 2 diabetes (T2D), hypercholesterolemia (HCL), obesity, and aging, respectively. We identified 10 major hub proteins (FPR2, TNF, CXCL8, CXCL1, IL1B, VEGFA, CYBB, PTGS2, ITGAX, and CCR5), 12 significant functional pathways, and 11 gene ontological pathways that are associated with CVD. We also found the connection of CVD with its risk factors in the gold benchmark databases. Our experimental outcomes indicate a strong association of CVD with its risk factors of HTN, T2D, HCL, obesity, and aging. Conclusions. Our computational approach explored the genetic association of CVD with its risk factors by identifying the significant DEGs, hub proteins, and signaling and ontological pathways. The outcomes of this study may be further used in the lab-based analysis for developing the effective treatment strategies of CVD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9034996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T18:20:08Z","timestamp":1660069208000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Bioinformatics and System Biological Approaches for the Identification of Genetic Risk Factors in the Progression of Cardiovascular Disease"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0392-8213","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joy Dip","family":"Barua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chattogram, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1736-8077","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shudeb Babu Sen","family":"Omit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Telecommunication Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7834-0847","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Humayan Kabir","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Green University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5448-4643","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nitun Kumar","family":"Podder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bangladesh Institute of Governance and Management (BIGM), Dhaka, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3365-9891","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Utpala Nanda","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5068-2690","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Md Habibur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/870125"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.6.816"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vhri.2015.03.002"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200305230-00010"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.738732"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2017.20"},{"key":"7","article-title":"Effects of diabetes on the body and organs","volume":"2","author":"D. 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