{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T11:42:41Z","timestamp":1780659761680,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651104000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004386","name":"Universiti Malaya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IF015-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF015-2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004386","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004386","name":"Universiti Malaya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IF063-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF063-2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004386","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000531","name":"Association of Commonwealth Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IF015-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF015-2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000531","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000531","name":"Association of Commonwealth Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IF063-2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF063-2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000531","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In the late December of 2019, a novel coronavirus was discovered in Wuhan, China. In March 2020, WHO announced this epidemic had become a global pandemic and that the novel coronavirus may be mild to most people. However, some people may experience a severe illness that results in hospitalization or maybe death. COVID-19 classification remains challenging due to the ambiguity and similarity with other known respiratory diseases such as SARS, MERS, and other viral pneumonia. The typical symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, cough, chills, shortness of breath, loss of smell and taste, headache, sore throat, chest pains, confusion, and diarrhoea. This research paper suggests the concept of transfer learning using the deterministic algorithm in all binary classification models and evaluates the performance of various CNN architectures. The datasets of 746 CT images of COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 were divided for training, validation, and testing. Various augmentation techniques were applied to increase the number of datasets except for testing images. The images were then pretrained using CNN to obtain a binary class. ResNeXt101 and ResNet152 have the best F1 score of 0.978 and 0.938, whereas GoogleNet has an F1 score of 0.762. ResNeXt101 and ResNet152 have an accuracy of 97.81% and 93.80%. ResNeXt101, DenseNet201, and ResNet152 have 95.71%, 93.81%, and 90% sensitivity, whereas ResNeXt101, ResNet101, and ResNet152 have 100%, 99.58%, and 98.33 specificity, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9167707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T20:20:35Z","timestamp":1651177235000},"page":"1-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Multiclass Convolution Neural Network for Classification of COVID-19 CT Images"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8653-0461","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Serena Low","family":"Woan Ching","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8602-0533","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Khin Wee","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9058-3497","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joon Huang","family":"Chuah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0471-3820","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Khairunnisa","family":"Hasikin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0661-0064","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Azira","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5596-3694","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pengjiang","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1650-9982","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kaijian","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Changshu Hospital of Soochow University (Changshu No. 1 People\u2019s Hospital), Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4558-9803","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yizhang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1736-3425","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuanpeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics of Medical (Nursing) School, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6970-2719","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samiappan","family":"Dhanalakshmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","article-title":"Lung AI: a deep learning convolutional neural network for automated detection of COVID-19 from Posteroanterior chest X-rays","author":"A. Gulati","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3233","key":"2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Transfer learning with deep convolutional neural network (CNN) for pneumonia detection using chest X-ray","volume":"10","author":"R. Tawsifur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"3","article-title":"How wildlife trade is linked to coronavirus","author":"Y. T. Vox","year":"2020"},{"key":"4","article-title":"Worldmeter","author":"American Library Association","year":"2020"},{"key":"5","volume-title":"Natural Ventilation for Infection Control in Health-Care Settings","author":"A. James","year":"2009"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2196-x"},{"issue":"2","key":"7","first-page":"32","article-title":"Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a Report of 1014 cases","volume":"296","author":"A. Tao","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSNA"},{"key":"8","article-title":"Deep residual learning for image recognition","author":"H. Kai Ming"},{"key":"9","article-title":"Going deeper with convolutions","author":"S. Christian"},{"key":"10","article-title":"Aggregated residual transformations for deep neural networks","author":"X. Saining"},{"key":"11","article-title":"Densely connected convolutional networks","author":"H. Gao"},{"issue":"2","key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2021.04.006","article-title":"Automated detection of COVID-19 from CT scan using convolution neural network","volume":"41","author":"M. Narendra Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"13","first-page":"1","article-title":"A new modular neural network approach with fuzzy response integration or lung disease classification based on multiple objective feature optimisation in chest X-ray images","volume":"168","author":"V.-S. Sergio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"14","article-title":"Deep Leaning and convolutional neural networks for medical image computing precision medicine, high performance and large-Scale datasets","volume":"4","author":"L. Le","year":"2017","journal-title":"Springers"},{"key":"15","article-title":"Covid-19: Automatic Detection from X-Ray Images Utilising Transfer Learning with Convolutional Neural Networks","author":"A. Ioannis","year":"2021"},{"key":"16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Automated detection of COVID-19 cases using deep neural networks with X-ray images","volume":"121","author":"O. Tulin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computers in Biology and Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2020.1003393","article-title":"Automatic detection of COVID-19 infection using chest X-ray images through transfer learning","volume":"8","author":"O. Elene Firmeza","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica"},{"key":"18","article-title":"Amirhossein Kazemnejad\u2019s Blog","author":"K. Amirhossein","year":"2019"},{"key":"19","first-page":"1","article-title":"COVID-CT-Dataset: A CT Image Dataset about COVID-19","author":"Y. Xingyi","year":"2020"},{"key":"20","article-title":"Illustration of Transforms","author":"PyTorch","year":"2017"},{"key":"21","article-title":"Deterministic Implementations for Reproducibility in Deep Reinforcement Learning","author":"N. Prabhat","year":"2018"},{"key":"22","article-title":"Simple Guide to Confusion Matrix Terminology","author":"K. Markham","year":"2014"},{"key":"23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Grad-CAM: visual explanations from deep networks via gradient-based localisation","volume":"4","author":"S. Ramprasaath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9790\/0661-1157073"},{"key":"25","first-page":"1","article-title":"A deep learning and grad-CAM based color visualisation approach for fast detection of COVID-19 cases using chest X-ray and CT-Scan images","volume":"140","author":"P. Harsh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chaos, Solitons & Fractals"},{"key":"26","article-title":"Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs)","author":"CDC","year":"2021"},{"key":"27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Covid-19 Image Data Collection","author":"C. Joseph Paul","year":"2020"},{"key":"28","article-title":"Chester: A Web Delivered Locally Computed Chest X-Ray Disease Prediction System","author":"J. P. Cohen","year":"2019"},{"key":"29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Inception-v4 Inception-ResNet and the Impact of Residual Connections on Learning","author":"S. Christian","year":"2016"},{"key":"30","article-title":"AlexNet: the architecture that challenged CNNs","author":"J. Wei","year":"2019"},{"key":"31","first-page":"1106","article-title":"ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks","author":"A. Krizhevsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"NIPS"},{"issue":"6","key":"32","first-page":"84","article-title":"ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"60","author":"K. Alex","year":"24  2017","journal-title":"Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery"},{"key":"33","article-title":"Very deep convolutional networks for large-Scale image recognition","author":"S. Karen"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1602.07360"},{"key":"35","first-page":"40","article-title":"Deep convolutional neural networks: Structure, feature extraction and training","volume":"20","author":"N. Ivars","year":"2017","journal-title":"Information Technology and Management Science"}],"container-title":["Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cin\/2022\/9167707.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cin\/2022\/9167707.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cin\/2022\/9167707.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T20:21:00Z","timestamp":1651177260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/cin\/2022\/9167707\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Bai Yuan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["9167707","9167707"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/9167707","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-5273","1687-5265"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-5273","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1687-5265","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]}}}