{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T09:54:33Z","timestamp":1768816473118,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]],"date-time":"2022-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663372800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000161","name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000161","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Nucleic Acids"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Application of DNA damage diagnostic tests is rapidly growing, in particular for ovarian, prostate, and skin cancers; environmental monitoring; chronic and degenerative diseases; and male infertility. Such tests suffer from significant variability among different laboratories due the lack of standardization, experimental validation, and differences in data interpretation. Reference methods and materials for quantitative measurement of UVA-induced DNA damage in mammalian cells are frequently needed. In this study, we examined the use of the single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay to assess the UVA-induced DNA damage in surface-attached Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells treated with a photosensitizer as a candidate cellular oxidative damage reference material. We found that the comet images became diffused and the viability of the cells decreased substantially (&gt;20%) as the UVA dose and benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) concentration exceeded 6.3\u2009J\/cm2 and 10\u22126\u2009mol\/L BaP. Maintaining the conditions of exposure within this range can improve DNA damage measurement fidelity, particularly if used as a quantitative reference method and to produce materials considered as an in vitro standard for the comet assay.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9188636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]],"date-time":"2022-09-17T19:50:26Z","timestamp":1663444226000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of a Reference Method and Materials for Quantitative Measurement of UV-Induced DNA Damage in Mammalian Cells: Comparison of Comet Assay and Cell Viability"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0830-3642","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Donald H.","family":"Atha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Tona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6984-4146","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vytas","family":"Reipa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2016.07.007"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/JEA9.6sup_58"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4685-GMB-2019-0104"},{"key":"4","volume-title":"Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine","author":"B. Halliwell","year":"2007","edition":"4th"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gez048"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(03)00041-8"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9111091"},{"issue":"1","key":"8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Solar-ultraviolet-induced damage to DNA","volume":"6","author":"M. J. Peak","year":"1989","journal-title":"Photo-Dermatology"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1990.tb08452.x"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(00)19035-4"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.1996.0001"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2003.12.004"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.07.174"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.20166"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.10.015"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17020523"},{"key":"17","volume-title":"Technologies for detection of DNA damage and mutations","author":"G. P. Pfeifer","year":"2016"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190907"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/Stp11638s"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(99)00014-5"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-97602012000100004"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/2.021307jes"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-017-0312-3"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nn305532K"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00112-020-01115-3"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.666815"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2019.1524941"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2015\/12062.5622"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp826"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2007.04.014"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(84)90411-X"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(88)90265-0"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/MB:26:3:249"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2013.10.001"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-008-9072-z"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/17.1.37"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/ges032"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.03.002"},{"issue":"2","key":"39","first-page":"69","article-title":"A critical assessment of the use of microculture tetrazolium assays to measure cell growth and function","volume":"5","author":"N. J. Marshall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Growth regulation"},{"key":"40","volume-title":"Nanotechnologies - in vitro MTS assay for measuring the cytotoxic effect of nanoparticles","author":"ISO 19007","year":"2018"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32162"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2928104"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8810105"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.5"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-007-9043-9"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/get018"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2016.06.025"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1098-2280(2000)35:3<206::aid-em8>3.0.co;2-j"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.22365"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1046-2023(02)00209-8"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/E2186-02AR16"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-019-1344-7"}],"container-title":["Journal of Nucleic Acids"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jna\/2022\/9188636.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jna\/2022\/9188636.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jna\/2022\/9188636.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]],"date-time":"2022-09-17T19:50:33Z","timestamp":1663444233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jna\/2022\/9188636\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ashis","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["9188636","9188636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/9188636","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-021X","2090-0201"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-021X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2090-0201","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]]}}}