{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T01:51:46Z","timestamp":1782611506255,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650240000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POIG.02.01.00-14-059\/09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIG.02.01.00-14-059\/09"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N N312 433140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N N312 433140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POIG.02.01.00-14-059\/09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIG.02.01.00-14-059\/09"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N N312 433140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N N312 433140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"EU Structural Funds","award":["POIG.02.01.00-14-059\/09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIG.02.01.00-14-059\/09"]}]},{"name":"EU Structural Funds","award":["N N312 433140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N N312 433140"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Diabetes Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Background. The type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic systemic autoimmune-mediated disease characterised by the insulin deficiency and hyperglycaemia. Its deleterious effect on bones concerns not only bone mass, density, and fracture risk but also may involve the linear growth of long bones. Studies on the lower leg in children with T1DM by pQCT have generated conflicting results, and most of the studies published so far focused only on a selected features of the bone. An additional information about growth, modelling, and remodelling processes can be gathered by the bone turnover marker measurement. The objective of the study was to evaluate bone mineral density, mass, and geometry using peripheral quantitative computed tomography as well as bone turnover markers in the patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods. Bone mineral density, mass, and geometry on the lower leg using peripheral quantitative computed tomography and serum osteocalcin (OC) and carboxyterminal cross-linked telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTx) were measured in 35 adolescents with T1DM (15 girls) aged 12.3-17.9\u2009yrs. The results were compared to age- and sex-adjusted reference values for healthy controls. Results. Both sexes reveal lower than zero\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>Z<\/a:mi>\n                      <\/a:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    -scores for lower leg 66% total cortical bone cross-sectional area to muscle cross-sectional area ratio (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mo>\u2212<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>0.97<\/c:mn>\n                        <c:mo>\u00b1<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>1.02<\/c:mn>\n                      <\/c:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mi>p<\/e:mi>\n                        <e:mo>=<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>0.002517<\/e:mn>\n                      <\/e:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    and\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                        <g:mo>\u2212<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mn>0.98<\/g:mn>\n                        <g:mo>\u00b1<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mn>1.40<\/g:mn>\n                      <\/g:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <i:math xmlns:i=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\">\n                        <i:mi>p<\/i:mi>\n                        <i:mo>=<\/i:mo>\n                        <i:mn>0.007050<\/i:mn>\n                      <\/i:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    , respectively) while tibia 4% trabecular bone density\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <k:math xmlns:k=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\">\n                        <k:mi>Z<\/k:mi>\n                      <\/k:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    -score was lowered in boys (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\">\n                        <m:mo>\u2212<\/m:mo>\n                        <m:mn>0.67<\/m:mn>\n                        <m:mo>\u00b1<\/m:mo>\n                        <m:mn>1.20<\/m:mn>\n                      <\/m:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <o:math xmlns:o=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\">\n                        <o:mi>p<\/o:mi>\n                        <o:mo>=<\/o:mo>\n                        <o:mn>0.02259<\/o:mn>\n                      <\/o:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ). In boys in Tanner stage 5 bone mass and dimensions were diminished in comparison to Tanner stages 3 and 4, while in girls, such a phenomenon was not observed. Similarly, bone formation and resorption were decreased in boys but not in girls. Consistently, bone turnover markers correlated positively with bone size, dimensions, and strength in boys only. Conclusions. T1DM patients revealed a decreased ratio of cortical bone area\/muscle area, reflecting disturbed adaptation of the cortical shaft to the muscle force. When analyzing bone mass and dimensions, boys in Tanner stage 5 diverged from \u201cless-mature\u201d individuals, which may suggest that bone development in these individuals was impaired, affecting all three: mass, size, and strength. Noted in boys, suppressed bone metabolism may result in impairment of bone strength because of inadequate repair of microdamage and accumulation of microfractures.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9261512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T19:50:05Z","timestamp":1650311405000},"page":"1-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Bone Density, Geometry, and Mass by Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography and Bone Turnover Markers in Children with Diabetes Mellitus Type 1"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6758-371X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maciej","family":"Jaworski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4476-9500","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Wierzbicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3220-3780","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Edyta","family":"Czeku\u0107-Kry\u015bkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8475-7112","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"P\u0142udowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Kobyli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2950-761X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mieczysaw","family":"Szalecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12186"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12190"},{"key":"3","article-title":"Alterations of bone metabolism in children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus type 1","volume":"17","author":"A. Pater","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0820"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2017.04.003"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-006-0253-4"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2193"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e328331c7eb"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0843"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2001.00587.x"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i7.997"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8121634"},{"key":"13","first-page":"983","article-title":"Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) measurements of bone density and body composition: promise and pitfalls","volume":"13","author":"L. K. Bachrach","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-008-9073-5"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-011-0076-x"},{"issue":"3","key":"16","first-page":"166","article-title":"Bone health in children and adolescents: the available imaging techniques","volume":"10","author":"S. Stagi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000023122"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2003.10.066"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.080713"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0810-0"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.06.070"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.10.005"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2011.326"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198801000-00036"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0585"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-015-0284-9"},{"key":"28","volume-title":"Stratec XCT 2000L manual","year":"2011"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01626606"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.6.1095"},{"issue":"1","key":"31","first-page":"105","article-title":"Muscle mass during childhood--relationship to skeletal development","volume":"4","author":"E. Schoenau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-013-9803-x"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-010-1329-x"},{"issue":"2","key":"34","first-page":"215","article-title":"Peripheral quantitative computed tomography of the lower leg in children and adolescents: bone densities, cross-sectional sizes and muscle distribution reference data","volume":"21","author":"M. Jaworski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.1998.11.3.413"},{"issue":"2","key":"36","first-page":"119","article-title":"Peripheral quantitative computed tomography of the distal radius in young subjects - new reference data and interpretation of results","volume":"5","author":"F. Rauch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.8.1547"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0652"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000421"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900384"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8121634"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12987"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2010.23.1-2.81"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2010.23.7.697"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00084"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3422-5"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2006.19.6.805"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12853"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2676-7"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10252"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.02.006"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/453940"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.07.019"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2121-2-16"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1679-x"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.05.047"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711119105"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12930"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-017-0381-1"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0142"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.115074"}],"container-title":["Journal of Diabetes Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jdr\/2022\/9261512.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jdr\/2022\/9261512.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jdr\/2022\/9261512.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T19:50:16Z","timestamp":1650311416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jdr\/2022\/9261512\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ryan T.","family":"Crews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["9261512","9261512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/9261512","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.742160828.793593255","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2314-6753","2314-6745"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-6753","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2314-6745","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]}}}